CETTM MTNL

Module Id : W3GWWCD110

WCDMA

W3GWWCD110 WCDMA 1
CETTM
Content MTNL

 Multiple Access Methods

 What is WCDMA
 Parameters of WCDMA
 WCDMA Protocol Layers
 Logical Channels
 Air Interface Procedures

W3GWWCD110 WCDMA 2
CETTM
Multiple Access MTNL

 Multiple Access refers the sharing of

common resources in order to allow
simultaneous communication by multiple
users and this common resource is the RF
spectrum

W3GWWCD110 WCDMA 3
 Multiple Access Technologies MTNL
CETTM

 To allow multiple users to share the same

channel

W3GWWCD110 WCDMA 4
CETTM
Multiple Access in Mobile Comm MTNL

 Applicable between BTS and MS

Technologies used
 FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)
 TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)
 CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)

W3GWWCD110 WCDMA 5
CETTM
The Access Network MTNL

Local
Switch Customer
BTS
or End Premises
Office

(E1) Radio Interface

Radio Access N/W FDMA/TDMA/CDMA

W3GWWCD110 WCDMA 6
CETTM
WCDMA MTNL

 Stands for Wide band Code Division Multiple

Access
 Access method using the Direct-sequence
Spread Spectrum
 Air interface for the 3G mobile communication
networks
 CDMA2000 transmits on one or several pairs of
1.25 MHz radio channels
 W-CDMA transmits on a pair of 5 MHz-wide radio
channels

W3GWWCD110 WCDMA 7
CETTM
GSM vs WCDMA MTNL

W3GWWCD110 WCDMA 8
CETTM
WCDMA Parameters MTNL

Channel bandwidth 5 Mhz

Duplex mode FDD and TDD
Downlink RF channel structure Direct spread
Chip rate 3.84 Mbps
Frame length 10 ms
Balanced QPSK (downlink)
Spreading modulation Dual-channel QPSK(uplink)
Complex spreading circuit

W3GWWCD110 WCDMA 9
CETTM
WCDMA Parameters MTNL

QPSK (downlink)
Data modulation
BPSK (uplink)
Channel coding Convolutional and turbo codes

Coherent detection User dedicated time multiplexed pilot (downlink

and uplink), common pilot in the downlink
Channel multiplexing in downlink Data and control channels time multiplexed
Control and pilot channel time multiplexed I&Q
Channel multiplexing in uplink
multiplexing for data and control channel
Multirate Variable spreading and multicode

W3GWWCD110 WCDMA 10
CETTM
WCDMA Parameters MTNL

Spreading factors 4–256 (uplink), 4–512 (uplink)

Power control Open and fast closed loop (1.6 kHz)
OVSF sequences for channel separation
Spreading (downlink) Gold sequences 218-1 for cell and user
separation (truncated cycle 10 ms)
OVSF sequences, Gold sequence 241 for user
Spreading (uplink) separation (different time shifts in I and Q
channel,truncated cycle 10 ms)
Soft handover
Handover
Interfrequency handover

W3GWWCD110 WCDMA 11
CETTM
WCDMA – Frequency Utilisation MTNL

W3GWWCD110 WCDMA 12
CETTM
Protocol Layers MTNL

The protocol architecture is similar to the current ITU-R

protocol architecture, ITU-R M.1035

The air interface is layered into three protocol layers

• The physical layer (layer 1, L1)

• The data link layer (layer 2, L2)
• Network layer (layer 3, L3).

W3GWWCD110 WCDMA 13
CETTM The physical layer (layer 1, L1) MTNL

The physical layer interfaces the medium

access control (MAC) sub-layer of layer 2
and the radio resource control (RRC) layer
of layer 3
The physical layer offers different transport
channels to MAC. A transport channel is
characterized by how the information is
transferred over the radio interface type of
information transferred.

W3GWWCD110 WCDMA 14
CETTM The physical layer (layer 1, L1) MTNL

Transport channels are channel coded and

then mapped to the physical channels
specified in the physical layer
MAC offers different logical channels to the
radio link control (RLC) sublayer of layer 2
A logical channel is characterized by the
type of information transferred.

W3GWWCD110 WCDMA 15
CETTM Layer 2 and Layer 3 MTNL

Layer 2 is split into following sub-layers:

•MAC, RLC, packet data convergence
protocol(PDCP)
•Broadcast / Multicast Control (BMC).
Layer 3 and RLC are divided into control and user
planes
PDCP and BMC exist in the user plane only
In the control plane, layer 3 is partitioned into sub-
layers where the lowest sublayer, denoted as RRC,
interfaces with layer 2
The RLC sublayer provides ARQ functionality closely
coupled with the radio transmission technique used

W3GWWCD110 WCDMA 16
 Air Interface Protocol Architecture
CETTM MTNL

W3GWWCD110 WCDMA 17
CETTM
Logical Channels MTNL

 The MAC layer provides data transfer services on

logical channels
 A set of logical channel types is defined for
different kinds of data transfer services as offered
by MAC
 Each logical channel type is defined by the type of
information that is transferred.
 Logical channels are classified into two groups:
– Control channels for the transfer of control plane
information
– Traffic channels for the transfer of user plane
information
W3GWWCD110 WCDMA 18
CETTM
Logical Channels MTNL

W3GWWCD110 WCDMA 19
CETTM
Logical Channel Functions MTNL

 Broadcast control channel (BCCH) - Downlink

channel for broadcasting system control
information
 Paging control channel (PCCH) - Downlink
channel that transfers paging information and is
used when:
– Network does not know the location cell of the
mobile station
– The mobile station is in the cell connected state
(utilizing sleep mode procedures)

W3GWWCD110 WCDMA 20
CETTM
Logical Channel Functions MTNL

 Common control channel (CCCH) - Bidirectional

channel that transfers control information between
network and mobile stations. This channel is used:
– By the mobile stations having no RRC connection
with the network
– By the mobile stations using common transport
channels when accessing a new cell after cell
reselection

W3GWWCD110 WCDMA 21
CETTM
Logical Channel Functions MTNL

 Dedicated control channel (DCCH) – Point-to-point

bidirectional channel that transmits dedicated
control information between a mobile station and
the network. This channel is established through
RRC connection setup procedure

W3GWWCD110 WCDMA 22
CETTM
Logical Channel Functions MTNL

 ODMA common control channel (OCCCH) -

Bidirectional channel for transmitting control
information between mobile stations
 ODMA dedicated control channel (ODCCH) -
Point-to-point bidirectional channel that transmits
dedicated control information between mobile
stations. This channel is established through RRC
connection setup procedure

W3GWWCD110 WCDMA 23
CETTM
Logical Channel Functions MTNL

Traffic Channels
 Dedicated traffic channel (DTCH) - Point-to-point
channel, dedicated to one mobile station, for the
transfer of user information. A DTCH can exist in
both uplink and downlink
 ODMA dedicated traffic channel (ODTCH) - Point-
to-point channel, dedicated to one mobile station,
for the transfer of user information between mobile
stations. An ODTCH exists in relay link. A point-to-
multipoint unidirectional channel for transfer of
dedicated user information for all or a group of
specified mobile stations
W3GWWCD110 WCDMA 24
CETTM
Air Interface Procedures MTNL

 Different air interface procedures are required to

make a radio system work (i.e., to establish
communication and maintain it with a minimum
consumption of radio resources)
 Different Air Interface Procedures of importance
are:
– Cell search operation
– Handover
– Power control

W3GWWCD110 WCDMA 25
CETTM
Cell Search MTNL

 The cell search is typically carried out in three

steps :
– Slot synchronization
– Frame synchronization and code-group
identification
– Scrambling-code identification

W3GWWCD110 WCDMA 26
CETTM
Cell Search MTNL

 Slot synchronization
– mobile station uses the SCH’s primary
synchronization code to acquire slot
synchronization to a cell
– This can be done with a single matched filter
matched to the primary synchronization code
that is common to all cells
– The slot timing of the cell can be obtained by
detecting peaks in the matched filter output

W3GWWCD110 WCDMA 27
CETTM
Cell Search MTNL

 Frame synchronization and code-group

identification
– MS uses the SCH’s secondary synchronization
code to find frame synchronization and identify
the code group of the cell found in the first step
– This is done by correlating the received signal
with all possible secondary synchronization
code sequences and identifying the maximum
correlation value
– Because the cyclic shifts of the sequences are
unique, the code group and the frame
synchronization are determined
W3GWWCD110 WCDMA 28
CETTM
Cell Search MTNL

 Scrambling-code identification
– Finally, the MS determines the exact primary
scrambling code used by the found cell
– The primary scrambling code is typically
identified through symbol-by-symbol correlation
over the CPICH with all codes within the code
group identified in the second step
– After the primary scrambling code has been
identified, the primary CCPCH can be detected
– And the system- and cell specific BCH
information can be read
W3GWWCD110 WCDMA 29
CETTM Soft and Softer Handover MTNL

 To achieve good system performance with a

frequency re-use of 1 and power control, soft
and softer handover is required.
 Soft and softer handover enables the handset
to maintain the continuity and quality of the
connection while moving from one cell to
another.

W3GWWCD110 WCDMA 30
CETTM
Soft and Softer Handover MTNL

W3GWWCD110 WCDMA 31
CETTM
Handover Concept MTNL

 During handover, the handset will

momentarily adjust its power to the base
station that requires the smallest amount of
transmit power and the preferred cell may
change very rapidly.
 The difference between soft and softer hand
over is that during soft handover, the handset
is connected to multiple cells at different base
stations
 During softer handover, the handset is
connected to multiple cells at the same base
station.
W3GWWCD110 WCDMA 32
CETTM
Handover Concept MTNL

 A drawback with soft handover is that it

requires additional hardware resources on the
network side, as the handset has multiple
connections.
 In a well-designed radio network, 30–40 % of
the users will be in soft or softer handover.

W3GWWCD110 WCDMA 33
CETTM Handover Concept MTNL

W3GWWCD110 WCDMA 34
 Handover to GSM
CETTM (inter-system handover) MTNL

 Handover from WCDMA to GSM, for coverage

reasons, is initially expected to be very
important since operators are expected to
deploy WCDMA gradually within their existing
GSM network.
 When a subscriber moves out of the WCDMA
coverage area, a handover to GSM has to be
conducted in order to keep the connection.
 Handover between GSM and WCDMA can
also have a positive effect on capacity through
the possibility of load sharing.
W3GWWCD110 WCDMA 35
CETTM Inter-system Handover MTNL

 If numbers of subscribers in the GSM network

is close to the capacity limit in one area,
handover of some subscribers to the
WCDMA network can be performed.

W3GWWCD110 WCDMA 36
CETTM Inter-system Handover MTNL

W3GWWCD110 WCDMA 37
CETTM
Power Control MTNL

 For minimum interference efficient power

control technique is very important in the
system.
 Implemented in both the up-link and the down-
link, to ensure good performance.
 Both the output powers of the handset and the
base station are frequently updated.
 WCDMA has a fast power control that updates
power levels 1500 times every second.
 By doing that the rapid change in the radio
channel is handled.

W3GWWCD110 WCDMA 38
CETTM
Power Control- “Cell Breathing” MTNL

 The size of the cell varies depending on the

traffic load.
 When the number of subscribers in the cell is
low (low load), good quality can be achieved
even at a long distance from the base station.
 When the number of users in the cell is high,
the large number of subscribers generates a
high interference level and subscribers have
to get closer to the base station to achieve
good quality.

W3GWWCD110 WCDMA 39
CETTM
Power Control- “Cell Breathing” MTNL

W3GWWCD110 WCDMA 40