Dr.

Joan Garcia-Perales
Department of Methodology and
Behavioral Sciences
Universitat de València, Spain
OBJETIVES OF THIS
RESEARCH
Video 1
Video
2

Video 4

Video5
 Parenting practices
• Affection,
• Dialog,
7 Parenting • Indifference,
practices: • Detachment,
• Verbal scolding,
• Physical punishment,
• Revoking privileges.

This parenting practices can be organized in two dimensions.

Acceptance/involvement
Affection, Warm, Responsiveness, Involvement, Assurance, Warmth, Love.
Strictness/imposition
Control, Demandingness, Strict , Domination, Hostility , Inflexibility ,
Restriction , Supervision, Discipline , Imposing, Restrictions, Limits…
 If we cross the axes we obtain
4 styles of parenting socialization

AUTHORITATIVE: charaterized by the use of high demandingness

and high responsiveness

INDULGENT: Low demandingness and high responsiveness

AUTHORITARIAN: high demandingness and low rensponsiveness

NEGLECTFUL: Low responsiveness and low demandingness

Maccoby and Martin
(1983)

Baumrind (1967, 1971)

Steinberg (2005)

Lamborn, Mounts,
Steinberg, and Dornbus
(1991)

Musitu y Garcia (2001)

 VERBAL SCOLDING
+ PHYSICAL
E REVOKING
PUNISHMENT
S PRIVILEGES
T
R

Authorita I
C Authoritat
N

rian Behaviors adapted

E
S
S
ive
to family norms

E_
INDIFFERENC AFFECTION
ACCEPTANCE Heeding
NVOLVEMENT
Behaviors desadapted Be hard to family norms
I
+
DETACHMENT DIALOG
I
M
P
O

Neglectf S
I
T
Indulgent
I
ul Ó
_
N
1 HOW DO PARENTS EDUCATE THEIR ADOLESCENT
CHILDREN?

2 HOW DOES THE PARENTAL

EDUCATIVE STYLE INFLUENCE
TEENAGERS?

3 What’s the best parenting style

to educate your teenagers?
Is there one optimum?
OUR RESEARCH
RELATIONSHIP AMONG THE PARENTAL STYLE
AND THE PSYCHOLOGICAL ADJUSTMENT, THAT IS:

1.- SELF-ESTEEM (FORMED BY 5 FACTORS: ACADEMIC, EMOTIONAL, SOCIAL,

FAMILY AND PHYSICAL), 

2.- PROBLEMATIC BEHAVIOURS (SUBSTANCE USE, DISRUPTIVE

BEHAVIOURS),

3.- PSYCHOLOGICAL MALADJUSTMENT

4.- PERSONAL COMPETENCE (ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT)

Sample 1007 subjets(from Spain, València) 55% female

Ranging in age from 12 to 17
(M = 14.9 years, SD = l. 7 years) from 8 high schools.
 First Dimensions / Reliab
Instruments Authors
name Factors ility
( Acceptance- , 96
implication) ,951
PARENTING Affected, , 933
STYLE Indifference, ,936
Scale of García Dialogue , 891
ESPA2 ,953
parental andMusitu(20 Indifference
9 , 922
socialization 01) ( Severity-
in imposition ) ,936
adolescence Verbal coercion,
Physical coercion
Deprivation
, 942
MEASURE
SELF ESTEEM García
Academic self-
esteem
Social self-esteem
,847
, 833
, 726
S
Self - concept  AF5 andMusitu(19 Emotional self- , 857
ScaleAF5 99) esteem ,762
Family self-esteem
Physical self-esteem
PROBLEMATIC , 773
BEHAVIORS García,
Consumption of
1.- Consumpti CS Gracia and
substances
on of Lila (2006)
Substances
García, School behavior ,861
2. Antisocial
AC Gracia and Pre- criminal ,763
behavior
Lila (2006) behavior
Hostility /
PSYCHOLOGIC aggression,
AL Negative self-
, 623
DISADJUSTME esteem
Rohner(1990) ,628
VARIABLE OUTCOMES
Four sets of outcome variables were examined:

self-esteem,
problem behaviors,
psychosocial maladjustment,
and personal competence.
 1. SELFSTEEM IN
PARENTING STYLES AND GENDER
Fuente de Autoconcepto
variación
   F glentre glerror p
 
(A) Estilo 0,831 12,57 15,000 2725,074 <
Parental a
5 0,001***
(B) Sexo b
0,854 33,73 5,000 987,000 <
3 0,001***
(C) Edad c 0,979 4,237 5,000 987,000 < 0,001**
A×B 0,978 1,493 15,000 2725,074 0,099
A×C 0,989 0,751 15,000 2725,074 0,733
B×C 0,989 2,164 5,000 987,000 0,056
A×B×C 0,98 0,81 15,000 2725,074 0,659
8 7

Tabla 243. MANOVAs Factoriales (4a × 2b × 2c) para el Autoconcepto
A1 indulgent, a2 authoritative , a3 authoritative, a4 negligent. B1 men, b2 women. c c1 15years or
less, c2 over 15 years old, ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001
Means, values F, Bonferroni:
parenting styles by selfsteem
PARENTING STYLES BY SELFSTEEM
FACTORS
Selfsteem by parenting styles
ELFSTEEM AND GENDER)
    SEX
    Man Wom F
an
SELFCONCEPT     F (1, 1005)
Academic 6,043 6,327 5,554 *
    (1,918 (1,88  
) 2)
Social 7,546 7,693 2,049
    (1,687 (1,57  
) 6)
Emotional 5,979 5,159 52,804
***
    (1,757 (1,80  
) 0)
Family 8,045 8,211 2,379
    (1,648 (1,73  
) 7)
Physical 6,252 5,272 69,961
***
    (1,835 (1,85  
) 8)
* p < 0.05, *** p < 0.001
2. BEHAVIOR PROBLEMS
IN PARENTING STYLES, GENDER AND
AGE.
BEHAVIOR PROBLEMS AND
PARENTING STYLES
 MALADJUSTMENT
IN PARENTING STYLES, GENDER AND
AGE.

(a) Hostility/agression (b) Negative self-esteem (c) Negative self-adequacy (d) Emotional
irresponsiveness (e) Emotional instability (f) Negative worldviews Personal Maladjustment
 4. PERSONAL COMPETENCE
(SOCIAL SUCCESS)
IN PARENTING STYLES, GENDER AND AGE.

This construct was measured with a scale of social competence and the academic
achievement. The outcomes follow the same trend, with the indulgent parental style having
the best scores among the parental styles, although the differences were not significant.
 BUT…
What’s the best parenting style to
educate your teenagers?
Is there one optimum?

YOUR CULTURE
 Discussion and
• 1.- THE FAMILY CONSTITUTES THE FUNDAMENTAL AREA
conclusions
FOR THE PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF ADOLESCENTS.

• 2.- THE STYLES OF PARENTING SOCIALIZATION

PRESENT DIFFERENCES ON THE PERSONAL ADJUSTMENT
OF ADOLESCENTS IN SELF-CONCEPT, BEHAVIORAL
PROBLEMS, PSYCHOLOGICAL MALADJUSTMENT AND
PERSONAL COMPETENCE.

• 3.- CULTURE IS THE MAIN FACTOR THAT DETERMINES

THE BEST STYLE OF PARENTAL SOCIALIZATION IN
ADOLESCENTS.

• 4.- THE OPTIMAL STYLE FOR THE SOCIALIZATION IN

SPANISH IS THE INDULGENT STYLE (HIGH ACCEPTANCE-
IMPLICATION AND LOW SEVERITY-IMPOSITION).
CHALLENGES AND DEVELOPMENT OF NEW RESEARCH
To conclude we must say that punishment is not always the
best method to educate adolescents, in the case of Spain
almost never works.
What’s up in Poland? That’s our future challenge.
Dziękuję bardzo
Vere dignus et justum est,
aequum et saludare,
nos tibi semper et ubique
gratias agere.
(S. XV)

Joan R. Garcia-Perales