Asian Institute of Technology

VISION MISSION

AIT will strive to become a leading and a unique
regional multicultural institution of higher
learning, offering state of the art education,
research and training in technology, management
and societal development.
The mission of AIT in the context of the emerging
environment is "to develop highly qualified and
committed professionals who will play a leading role
in the sustainable development of the region and its
integration into the global economy“

A. SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (SET)

B. SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENT, RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT (SERD)
C. SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT (SOM)
 NATS
By applying an innovative market-driven approach, the group is reinventing technologies for
decentralized wastewater management that are Naturally Acceptable and Technologically
sustainable

PHYSICAL AND
CHEMICAL MICROBIOLOGY AMBIENT RESEARCH
LABORATORY LABORATORY LABORATORY STATION
 Environmental Engineering and
Management Program (EEM)
Department of Energy, Environment and Climate Change (EECC)
School of Environment, Resources & Development (SERD)

Areas of Specialization
Environmental Technology and Management (ETM)
It focus on a systems approach to managing the environment,
including the interrelated roles of the industry and the
government agencies.

Water and Wastewater Engineering (WWE)

It responds to the need to produce engineers specialized in the
planning, design, operation and management of water supply,
wastewater treatment and disposal systems. It brings into focus
the development of advanced treatment systems.
Introduction to Faecal Sludge
Management
An integrative approach to citywide sanitation
 Outline

Sanitation value Chain and FSM

Definition of FS (faecal sludge)

FSM an integrative approach

Components of FSM chain

Challenges in FSM implementation

Enabling factors for FSM

Exercise I
 Credit: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

What is it called?
What are the names for each of this component

Time: 2 mins

List the items in the sheet provided to you

Sanitation Value Chain

Credit: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

 Sanitation Value Chain

User interface Collection/ Disposal/

Treatment
Transport Reuse

Containment

Credit: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Sanitation Value Chain

NON
SEWER
SYSTEM

Credit: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Proper
disposal/ Reuse

SEWER
SYSTEM

WWTP
 Terminology

Non- Faecal
Sewered Sludge
Sanitation

Sewered
Wastewater
Sanitation
 What is
Faecal
Sludge?

What do we mean by its

Management?
 Faecal Sludge

Excreta from an on-site sanitation

technology (like a pit latrine or septic
tank) that may also contain used water,
anal cleansing materials, and solid
waste.

Source: CAWST
 Faecal Sludge
Management

The FSM component is specifically the collection,

emptying,
transport, treatment and end-use or disposal of FS.
(Source: FSM Book)
 WHY FOCUS ON
FSM AND
SANITATION AS A
WHOLE?
Scale of the problem
Health impacts
Economic impacts
Dignity
 2.5 billion people, or nearly
one third of the total
population, lack access to
basic sanitation services
such as toilets or latrines

South Asia alone has 558

million open defecators

Poor sanitation intensifies

the transmission of
infectious diseases such as
cholera, diarrhea, typhoid
and hepatitis etc

Source: http://www.nextbigfuture.com/2016/01/nanomembrane-toilets-could-be-part-of.html

An estimated 1 million
7062 deaths of infants under preventable deaths per
year, primarily from
5 due to diarrhea in dysentery-like diarrheal
Bangladesh, 2016 (Unicef) diseases
 Current solutions and significant
limitations
Current solutions, both centralized and decentralized, have significant
limitations that jeopardize health and safety and, in many cases, perpetuate
open defecation practices.

HANGING TOILETS PIT LATRINES SEPTIC TANKS SEWERAGE

Foul odors Expensive to install, maintain

Poor user experience Require infrastructure
Safety hazards Require considerable water
Environmental contamination Treatment not assured
© Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
 Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and
sanitation for all

Indicator Indicator Indicator Indicator Indicator Indicator

6.1.1 Proportion of 6.2.1 Proportion of 6.3.1 Proportion of 6.4.1 Change in 6.5.1 Degree of 6.6.1 Change in the
population using population using wastewater safely water-use integrated water extent of water-
safely managed safely managed treated efficiency over time resources related ecosystems
drinking water sanitation services, 6.3.2 Proportion of 6.4.2 Level of water management over time
services including a hand- bodies of water stress: freshwater implementation (0-
washing facility with good ambient withdrawal as a 100)
with soap and water quality proportion of 6.5.2 Proportion of
water available transboundary
X 150 freshwater basin area with an
lpcd resources operational
66 arrangement for
million water cooperation
persons

25.7 99.5%
million
households

14% 86% 6% 94%

9.9 0.7% Flush tank Pour Cesspool
Commercial
million system
In 1960 In 2009 package system
cu.m./day
 Sanitation in Bangladesh
OD: Open defecation

National Rural Urban

At
At least Limited Unimpr At least Limited Unimp Limited Unimpr
OD OD least OD
basic (shared) oved basic (shared) roved (shared) oved
basic

46.9 22.2 30.8 0.1 43.4 18.8 37.7 0.2 53.7 28.6 17.7 0.0
Unicef, WHO Sanitation data: last update 2017

! Significant reduction in open defecation

!! half the population in the country do
not have access to improved sanitation
Exercise II
 There is a City A which has a sewered city-
center but also has a fastly growing informal
settlement in its periphery

Q. What would be the appropriate

immediate and long-term sanitation plan?

Time: 10 mins

Work in your group to list down the plan

Any group could be asked to present their findings
 FSM part of an integrative
sanitation approach
Sanitation components are usually
planned, operated and managed
independently each with its own
engineering, administrative and
public departments

But these are cross-cutting

components

Source: BORDA
Result
Sanitation business as usual is not working:
• centralized/conventional infrastructure targeted for small % of people
• doesn’t consider tradeoffs between sanitation investment
• doesn’t consider incrementalism

Poor sanitation stifling country’s economic growth

• urban population growth outpaces gains in access to safe sanitation
• degrading environment and public health impacts

No one-solution-fits-all in urban sanitation

• each city is unique and requires it’s own planning and stakeholder
involvement
consider the interconnectedness of

Planning aspects

Technical aspects of wastewater, solid waste and fecal sludge

management

Regulatory and Institutional setup

Capacity building aspects

Stage-based implementation of sanitation solutions

appropriate to the targeted city within human and
financial resources available
 How to go
integrative?

 Innovation

 Institutional arrangements

 Technology selection

 Treatment methods
( co-treatment or stand-
Source: CAWST
alone)
 Example of integrative approach

the Philippines

Source: CAWST
South Africa
Durban in South Africa is very
complex:

Sewered city center

Informal settlements within 5 km of

the city center

Rural areas within 20km of the city

Challenge for providing sanitation

services to all

Source: CAWST Credits for content and pictures: Teddy Gounden, Manager
at eThekwini Municipality for Water and Sanitation.
 Durban is innovative
 Urine Diversion Dehydrating
Toilets (UDDTs)

Durban is adaptive
 Realization that faecal sludge
from UDDTs and pit latrines
requires management

Source: CAWST
Credits for content and pictures: Teddy Gounden, Manager at
eThekwini Municipality for Water and Sanitation.
 Durban is integrative
 Integration of the civil society,
universities, research institutes
and the private sector

Durban is innovative
 Collection and transport
models for faecal sludge and
urine
 Piloting of new treatment
technologies and use options
for faecal sludge
 LaDePa
 Black soldier fly larvae
Credits for content and pictures: Teddy Gounden, Manager at eThekwini
Municipality for Water and Sanitation.

Source: CAWST
Durban is integrative
 Providing equitable services to all requires community
engangement, education and a variety of solutions
 Ablutions blocks for dense informal settlements

Credits for content and pictures: Teddy Gounden, Manager at eThekwini

Municipality for Water and Sanitation.
 Institutional
City Sanitation tariff Treatment technologies
arrangement

Non-mechanized
Dumaguete Public-sector 0.02 USD/m3 Faecal
dewatering, lagoons and
San Salvador
(120k people) partnership water sludge
wetlands
Manila
Partially-mechanized
San Fernando Public-private Flat property Faecal dewatering, anaerobic
(250k people) partnership tax sludge baffled reactor and
Dumaguete
lagoons

Manila Water –
Dagatdagatan Mechanized dewatering,
(1.5+ Mio. Private Faecal lagoons and wetlands
people) company, in sludge
20% of water
concession &
bill
with national Waste
Manila Water – government water
South Mechanized dewatering,
(1.5+ Mio. activated sludge
people)

Robbins, D., Strande, L., Doczi, J. Opportunities in Fecal Sludge Management for Cities in Developing
Countries: Experiences from the Philippines. Water 21, December, 2012.
Source: CAWST
Managing FSM components
 Containment

Myanmar

Myanmar

Photo: Su Su Myat Myanmar

 Collection/ Emptying

Septic tank emptying demonstration, Indonesia Manual pity emptying, South Africa
Transport

Credit: CSE India India Credit: SusanA

Treatment

WSP (waste stabilization pond), Laos Black Soldier Fly, South Africa
 FS Reuse
Solid Fuel
Kenya
Soil Amendment
Burkina Faso

Biogas
Tanzania Protein
Unknown

Credit: Sanivation

Credit: Florian
Erzinger

Credit: SuSanA
Credit: BSF Blog
Source: CAWST
some of the bottlenecks / hindrance for successful
execution of FSM projects include:

Impracticality
of planning
Lack of clear tools
Inefficient
policies &
assessment
enforcement
procedures
mechanisms

Poor
stakeholder
many
and Lack of
capacitated
sensitization
more …
professionals

Lack of Limited local

prioritization expertise
Lack of
stakeholder
awareness
Enabling factors: 7 aspects of FSM
Financial

Advocacy
Regulatory

Capacity
Building
Technical

Monitoring Institutional
EXERCISE III
Please list down the components of sanitation
value chain

One example of integrative approach

List at least 3 enabling factors

Time: 10 mins

Turn to person sitting next to you and discuss your

answers. See if they have listed answers different to yours