1

LITERATURE SEARCH, CITATION

AND REFERENCE STYLE
2
 3
STEPS OF AN EFFECTIVE LITERATURE SEARCH

1
• Define your topic

2
• Choose the resources to search

3
• Choose your search terms

4
• Compile the strategy and run the search

5
• Find the full text
SEARCH STRATEGIES 4

Keyword Searching
Boolean
Truncation and Wildcards
Symbols
Keyword Searching 5

 Enterterms to search
 Use quotation marks (“ “) to search as a
phrase and keep the words linked together
Boolean Searching 6
 7
USE of TRUNCATION & WILDCARDS SYMBOLS
Truncation Symbol Asterisk (*)

• If you are looking for sites that discuss trucking,, search for
truck*. This will return pages that contain the word “truck”,
“trucks”, “trucking, “truck enthusiast”, “trucking industry”,
and so on.

• Col*r provides results for both color and colour

• Environment* provides results for environment,
environmental, environmentally, etc.
Wildcard Symbol (?)
8
• Finds alternative spellings. The ? represents a
single character; two ?? represent two characters;
three ??? represent three characters, and so on.

Example:
wom?n
finds woman as well as women

carbon fib??
finds carbon fiber or carbon fibre.
 9
I’ve found some useful papers, now how do I get the full text?

The next step of the literature search process, FINDING

THE FULL TEXT.
 DATABASES OR SCHOLARLY JOURNALS
10

Google Scholar DOAJ

Directory of Open Access Journal
scholar.google.com
doaj.org

Philippine e- INFOTRAC
journals infotrac.galegroup.com/itweb/phjb
lcf
ejournals.ph

PROQUEST
ERIC Digests search.proquest.com
ericdigests.org
 Google Scholar provides a simple way to broadly search for
scholarly literature across many disciplines and sources: 11
articles, theses, books, abstracts and court opinions, from
academic publishers, professional societies, online repositories,
universities and other web sites.

scholar.google.com
 DOAJ an online directory that indexes and provides access
to high quality, open access, peer-reviewed journals. 12

doaj.org
 Expanding collection of academic journals that are made
accessible globally through a single Web-based platform. 13
Works are done by Filipino scholars.

ejournals.ph
 This site provides one way to access the ERIC Digests (education
articles) produced by the former ERIC Clearinghouse system. There 14
are a large variety of topics covered including teaching, learning,
libraries, charter schools, special education, higher education, home
schooling, and many more.

ericdigests.org
 INFOTRAC covers selected journals paid subscription of the
15
college library. Password: harvest
Search.proquest.com 16

 USERNAME: ustlasalle
 PASSWORD : univlassle
 SCHOLAR.GOOGLE.COM 17
Type the address
of the website

• Open your browser

• Type the URL in the
address box
• Press Enter
• From your browser, Press Search or
Type the keyword/s or
Type the keyword/or subject headings Simply Enter
subject headings of
your topic.
• Press Enter or Click the
Search Icon
SEARCH RESULTS 18

The number of web sites

has dropped
 Title of the Journal
19

Title of the Article

Date

Volume, Series &

Page Numbers
Author’s Name

DOI is preferred than

the URL
 20
 JOURNAL
 Name of the Author/s
 Title of the Article
 Title of the Journal
 Volume, Series and Page Numbers
 DOI (Digital Object Identifier)
 URL (Website Address)
TIPS FOR COLLECTING REFERENCES 21
 BOOKS (Title Page and
Verso)
 Name of the Author/s
or Editors
 Title of the Book
 Edition Number (if there
is any)
 Place of Publication
 Publisher

 Dateof Publication or
Copyright Date
 22
HAVE PATIENCE

"Keep asking, and it will be given to you. Keep

searching, and you will find.
Keep knocking, and the door will be opened for
you.”
International Standard Version (©2008)
 23

HANDS-ON
ACTIVITY
 How can I best manage my references?
24
IT Services supports reference
management software, rather than
the Library. They have written
guides to two freely available, web-
based resources.

You can import references from

most databases into these
resources. The guides will take you
through this.
 GETTING STARTED WITH ZOTERO
25

 Open your Mozilla Firefox Browser

 Click the letter Z
 A three columns window will appear moving left to right from general to specific
 Perform a search and select the record you want to add to your library.

Left Column Center Column Right Column

* Various * References in * Specific details
Collections the Specific of the references
Collection
ZOTERO KEY FOR POPULAR 26
REFERENCE TYPES
 27
Toolbar in the Word Processor (ADD-INS)

Insert
Insert Citation Refresh
Bibliography Remove Codes

Edit Bibliography Document

Edit Citation
Preferences
 BUILDING YOUR LIBRARY
28
(Individual or Collections)
 Open your Mozilla Firefox Browser and Click the Zotero
 Perform a search and select the record you want to add to your
library.
 Notice the blue book icon that now appears in the address bar. 0
 Click the address bar icon, either book or article, and Zotero will
add the record to your library.

• A notification will appear in the lower right

corner of your browser.
 BUILDING YOUR LIBRARY
29
(Individual or Collections)
• Perform your search again but this time do not
select an individual record. Notice the folder
icon that now appears in the address bar.
• Click on the folder and a popup window will
appear asking you which records you would like
to import.
• Check the boxes next to the records you wish to
add to your library and click OK.
• A notification will again appear in the lower
right corner of Firefox.
CITING THE JOURNAL
30
 CREATE REFERENCES MANUALLY 31

 Open Zotero, select the New

Item icon, and choose the
appropriate reference type.

• Fill in the necessary

bibliographic details.
 MANAGING A CITATIONS AND REFERENCES 32
USING MICROSOFT WORD
Step 1 : Click the References Menu

Step 2 : Click Insert Citation and then Select Add New Source
Step 3 : Encode the Information of the Source (Books, Website, 33
Journals and Others)

Click the Edit, to add Another Author

Click the Show All Bibliography

Click OK
Fields for Additional Information
Step 4 : Click Manage
34
Sources to check all the
references you have
cited for your Reference
List

Step 5: For Your Sanchez, C. A. (1996). Personality

Preparation of development and human
Reference List, relations. Manila: Rex Book
Store.
Click bibliography
and then Works
Cited Note: Just edit the Name Works Cited
to References and Adjust the Font Style
and Size and Change the Color to Black
 35

HANDS-ON
ACTIVITY
 36

CITATIONS
(IN-TEXT AND PARENTHETICAL)
 37

 Citethe work of those individuals whose

ideas, theories, or findings have directly
influenced your work, even if you are
paraphrasing or describing someone else’s
idea.
 Toavoid plagiarism, take careful notes as
you research to keep track of all sources
and collect the information you need to
cite properly.
 38

PAGE OR
AUTHOR PUBLICATION PARAGRAPH
(Last Name) YEAR NUMBER (for direct
quotation)
 To paraphrase (i.e.: put another author’s
ideas/words into your own) – a paraphrase
must be cited
 If you quote text, indicate what is quoted and
where it comes from
 If you use ideas or any other intellectual
property belonging to someone else,
acknowledge your source
 If the facts are common knowledge there is no
need to provide a citation but if you are in any
doubt it is better to be safe and cite our source
 ONE WORK BY 1 or 2 AUTHORs 40

First Citation in Text • Walker and Allen (2007)

Parenthetical Format,
first citation in text • (Walker & Allen, 2007)
ONE WORK BY 3, 4 or 5 AUTHORS
41
Cite all names and publication year the first
time, thereafter only the first name followed
by et al.
Use Commas

First Citation in Text • Bradley, Ramirez, and Soo (1999)

Subsequent citations in
text •Bradley et al. (1999)
Parenthetical Format,
first citation in text • (Bradley, Ramirez, & Soo 1999)
Parenthetical Format,
subsequent citation in
text
•(Bradley et al. 1999)
ONE WORK BY 6 or more AUTHORS 42

Cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al. and
the year, for the first and subsequent citations

First Citation in
Text •Wasserstein et al. (2005)

Parenthetical
Format, first • (Wasserstein et al., 2005)
citation in text
GROUPS AS AUTHORS
43
If you want to cite from the report more than once, in
the first citation provide the full name of the
organisation, as above. In subsequent citations use
the abbreviated organisational title.

• Department of Health and Family Services [DHFS]

First Citation in Text
(2007)

Subsequent citations in text •DHFS (2007)

Parenthetical Format, first •(Department of Health and
citation in text
Family Services [DHFS], 2007)
Parenthetical Format,
subsequent citation in text •(DHFS, 2007)
Use brackets. No back-to-
back parentheses.
WORKS WITH NO AUTHOR 44

Citation in • Style Manual for Authors,

Text Editors and Printers (2002)

Parenthetical • (Style Manual for Authors,

Format Editors and Printers, 2002).

If no author or editor, the TITLE

is used as the first element
of the reference.
 CITING TWO GROUP STUDIES WHEN FIRST
AUTHOR HAS SAME LAST NAME 45

 Rice, Batson-George, and Ramdial

Two sources with
(2010) same first name and
same year of
 Rice, Hutchens, and Seiler (2010) publication

 Rice, Batson-George, et al. (2010) Use as many surnames

as needed to distinguish
the studies
 Rice, Hutchens, et al. (2010)
Notice the commas used
Additional surnames when there is more than one
are not needed for
 Rice et al. (2008) other years
surname with et al.
Authors With same Last Surname 46
When two authors have
same surname, cite the
initials in the text even if the
years of publication are
different.

R. Jones (2008) and M. Jones (2011) found

that….
… as the tweets demonstrated (Obama, B.,
2011; Obama, M., 2012).
No Back-t0-Back Parentheses 47

Citations in text:
The American Psychological Association (APA)
observed…

American Psychological Association [APA] (2009)

stated…

Parenthetical citations in text:

(American Psychological Association [APA], 2009)

NOTE: Use (APA, 2009) thereafter.

See APA manual, p. 176
 Secondary Sources 48
When citing in the text a work discussed in a secondary
source, give both the primary and the secondary sources.
The study by Seidenberg and McClelland was mentioned
in the article by Colheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller.

Seidenberg and McClelland’s study (as cited in

Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993) provided a
glimpse into the world List the primary source
in the reference list
entry

Colheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993). Models of
reading aloud: dual-route and parallel-distributed-processing
approaches. Psychological Review, 100, 589-608.
 Quotes must be introduced.
In midsentence
49
Quotes Introduced by a Clause

The principal stated, “Instructors may or may not want to

require an abstract for class assignments” (Tunon, 2006,

p. 34), but she concluded that they always summarized

the essential content of the paper.

At end of a sentence

Tunon (2006) found that “instructors may or may not want

to require an abstract for class assignments” (p. 34).
 APA manual, p. 92
Text vs Block Quotes 50
Direct quote for less than 40 words:
The abstract is a one-paragraph summary or overview of the paper and
“should summarize the essential content of the paper” (Tunon, 2009, p. 34).

Block quote (more than 40 words): Note where the periods go!

Students at Nova Southeastern University have faced challenges in

learning how to use APA formatting. When discussing the challenges, Strunk
(1922) stated:

Use quotes around an article title or book chapter, but italicize the
title of a book, journal, brochure, or report when used in the body of
the paper. Use a short title in the parenthetical citation or complete
title if the title is short. NOTE Non-periodical titles like books and
book titles have all the important words capitalized in the text
citations, but these same book titles do not have all the important
words capitalized in the reference list. (p. 342)

Callahan (2001), however, says ….

 CITATIONS USING ZOTERO WORD 51
PLUG-INS
 Open your Microsoft Word. place your cursor
where the citation should be added. Click
the ADD-INS
 Click on the Zotero Insert Citation icon.
 A window displaying your Zotero library
will appear. Choose the appropriate citation,
add any details necessary such as page
number(s), prefixes, and suffixes.
 Clicking on Show Editor will give you a
preview. Click OK.
 52

MANAGEMENT OF REFERENCES OR
LITERATURE CITED
 53
 Reference information helps a reader to locate the sources
used or cited in the paper.

• Begin your reference list on a new page and title it

‘References’. Center the title on the page.

• Single space your reference list and have a hanging indent

but double space after each reference.

• List the references in alphabetical order by author

surname/family name.
• Where there are two articles with the same authors and
54
date, order the references alphabetically by article title
and add a letter suffix to the year of publication (e.g.
2003a, 2003b…)

• Provide organization names in full, unless they are

obviously recognizable as abbreviations (e.g. APA for
American Psychological Association)

• Do not add full stops to URLSs

• Be consistent with your referencing style across the

document.
 55

 Type the article title in sentence case and

the journal title in title case.
 Italicize the journal title and volume number.
 Include the issue number in parenthesis if the
journal is paginated by issue.
 Type the DOI in the format shown in the
example. Do not put a period at the end of
the DOI.
doi:10.1037/1061-4087.45.2.10
 Where a publication List authors in the reference list as:
56
has:
One author Author, A. A.
Two authors Author, A. A. & Author, B. B.
Three to seven authors Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author C,
C., Author, D. D., Author, E. E., Author,
G. G.
Eight or more authors Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author C,
– list first six authors, C., Author, D. D., Author, E. E., Author,
add three ellipses and F. F., . . . Author, Z. Z.
the last author
No author Transfer the title to the author space
A group author Spell the name out
 57

The edition number is included after the title of the work

(not necessary for first editions).
 58
Last Names and First
Initials Publication
of Authors Year

Allen, J. E., O'Toole, W., & Donnell, J.-B. (2011).

Festival and special event management (5th ed.).
New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
Book Title,
Place of Italicized and
Publication in sentence case Publisher
Edition number, if
any
Provide the names of all authors in the reference list. If an
author's first name is hyphenated, retain the hyphen and
include a full stop after each initial as in Jean-Baptiste
Donnell above.
 59

Mussen, P., Rozenweig, M. R., Aronson, E.,

Elkind, D., Feshbach, S. T., Allen, J. E., &
Geiwitz, P. J. (1995). Psychology: An
introduction (7th ed.). Albany, NY:
Thompson Delmar Learning.

Provide the names of all authors in the reference

list up to and including seven authors.
 60

Leggat, I. K., Hutchings, D., Poliness, S., Nemeth,

T., West, A., Ngo, A., . . . Mascilongo, J. (2009).
How to maximize the use of libraries in
educational institutions. St. Albans, VIC:
Victoria University Press.

Include the first six authors' names, followed by

three dots (ellipses), then add the last author's
name.
 61

Style manual for authors, editors

and printers. (2002). (6th ed.).
Canberra, ACT: AGPS.

If no author or editor, the title is used as the

first element of the reference.
 62

Ashwin, P. (Ed.). (2006). Changing higher

education: The development of learning
and teaching. London, England: Routledge.

With more than one editor use multiple author

format as above and use (Eds.).

Lemone, P., Burke, K. M., Dwyer, T., Levett-Jones,

T., Moxham, L., Reid-Searl, K., ... Raymond, D.
(Eds.). (2011). Medical-surgical nursing: Critical
thinking in client care. (1st Australian ed.).
Frenchs Forest, NSW: Pearson Australia.
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
 PARTS OF THE RESEARCH PAPER
70
PRELIMINARY PAGES
Title
Page
Approval Sheet
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION 71

 Background of the Study

 Statement of the Problem
 Hypothesis
 Conceptual and Theoretical
Framework
 Significance of the Study
 Scope and Limitations
 Definition of Terms
CHAPTER 2 – RESEARCH 72

METHODOLOGY
 Research Design
 Respondents of the Study
 Research Instrument
 Validity of the Research Instrument
 Reliability of the Research Instrument
 Data Gathering Procedures
 Statistical Tools
CHAPTER 3 – PRESENTATION, 73
ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION OF
DATA
CHAPTER 4 – SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
• Summary of the Findings
• Conclusions
• Recommendations

• References
• Appendices
 74
1.

Justified select No Spacing

adjust font & size
• Times New
Roman
•. 12-point

Double-Spaced
 75
• 1 INCH TOP •TOP RIGHT
2

Setting Margins
•Click PAGE LAY-OUT
•Click MARGINS
• 1.5 INCH LEFT • 1 INCH RIGHT
•Click CUSTOM MARGINS
•SET MARGINS (TOP, LEFT,
BOTTOM & RIGHT)

• 1 INCH BOTTOM
Put the pages in the PAGINATION 76
following order:
• Page 1, Title Page
• Page 2, Abstract
• Page 3, Beginning
of text
• References begin a
new page after the
last page of text
• Each appendix
begins on a new
page
 77
centered, UPPERCASE, bold
and single space and in
inverted pyramid
Typed in 12-point Times New
Roman Font.

The researcher’s name: first,

middle initial and last

Date of
Completion
The abstract is a brief summary of the
paper, allowing readers to quickly
78
review the main points and purpose of
the paper

• The word abstract

should be centered and
bold, sentence case
• 150-250 words
• 12-point size
• Times New Roman Font
• Block format, (no
indentions)
• Justified
• Single spaced.
•
 LEVEL 2 Heading
(Bold, Title Case and Left-Aligned) 79

Level 2

Level 2

Level 2
 This is not numbered so
do not use a colon.
80
Level 3

Level 2

Level 3
Note: Bolding and period after
word or phrase being defined
when using Level 3 format. Use
complete sentence(s) for the
definition of the term or phrase.
 LEVEL 1 Heading
(Bold, Upper Case and
Center) 81

LEVEL 2 Heading
(Bold, Title Case and Left-Aligned
Table 2 A Descriptive Title in
Italics, Bold and Title Case
82
Level of Performance of BSMarE 2
Students in Machine Shop 2
Section mean Sd Interpretation
NSA 92 0.72 Very High/Excellent
Polaris A 95 1.99 Very High/Excellent
Polaris B 95 1.69 Very High/Excellent
Bitts 93 1.87 Very High/Excellent
Crankcase 93 1.84 Very High/Excellent
Cylinder 90 3.03 Very High/Excellent
Piston 91 2.63 Very High/Excellent
No Lines in Both
Piston Rod 92 2.58 Sides, Columns
Very High/Excellent
Rod 90 and Rows
Very High/Excellent
2.43
Shaft 93 2.12 Very High/Excellent
TOTAL 92 2.70 Very High/Excellent
 Performance
LEVEL 1 Heading
83
(Bold, Upper Case and
4.5 Center)
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
First Second Third Fourth

Figure 1. Graphical Presentation of the

 LEVEL 2 Heading 84
(Bold, Title Case and Left-
Aligned)

LEVEL 1 Heading
(Bold, Upper Case and
Center)
85
• Must have correct margins
and all pages in appendices 86
must be numbered
• Each appendix must have an
individual cover page
• Do not include any appendices
that are not mentioned in the
text.
• Appendices are numbered
chronologically in the same
order as they are first
mentioned in the
dissertations.
• If there is only one appendix,
just us Appendix, not
Appendix A
87