METABOLIC RATE DAN BMR

Dr.dr.Zaenal M. Sofro, AIFM, Sport & Circ. Med.

Bagian Ilmu Faal Fak.Kedokteran UGM
ALL LIVING THINGS FROM BACTERIA TO
HUMANS CONDUCT METABOLISM
Metabolism is the ability to acquire and use energy
from the environment.

Metabolic processes are all the chemical

reactions that occur in cells, tissues, organs,
and organ systems.

Two Kinds of Metabolic Reactions:

1. Catabolism = breakdown of large molecules into

simple ones to produce energy. (release energy)
2. Anabolism = build large molecules from simple
molecules. (requires energy input)
 Examples of each type of metabolism:

Anabolic Pathways Catabolic Pathways

Protein Biosynthesis Glycolysis

Glycogenesis TCA (Krebs cycle)
Gluconeogenesis ATP ß-oxidation
Fatty Acid Synthesis Generated Respiratory Chain
FOR
Provides
Energy
Other useful generalizations:

Some of the steps in the anabolic path (going “uphill”) may not be
identical to the catabolic path--but some are shared.
THE ACTIVITY PYRAMID

Lifestyle activity is at the base

of the pyramid because it is
something that everyone can
do on a regular basis.
FIT FORMULA FOR LIFESTYLE PHYSICAL
ACTIVITY

Most days of
the week

 Equal to brisk
walking
 About 150
kcal
 3-5 METS

Accumulate
30 minutes
LEFT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY
Touch
 Table 9.2

Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

OVERVIEW OF THE KREB’S CYCLE
OVERVIEW OF ELECTRON TRANSPORT
SYSTEM
SUMMARY OF ATP PRODUCTION
 General Level of Physiologic Function

%
120

100

80

50

40

20

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Age, year Active Person

Sedentary Person
 SELF EFFICACY

• Perceived ability to achieve a

certain behavior
• Expected success the behavior
will provide
• 4 major sources of information:
performance experience,
observing the experience of
others, verbal persuasion, and
emotional/physiologic states.
ERGOMETRY TEST
Overview of Cellular respiration
 No. Induk : (02635)
Instansi : Atlet Sepak Bola Kombinasi Tekanan Darah dan
Periksa Ke : SATU Denyut Jantung
Tgl. Periksa : 13 Desember 2003 195
220 185 220
Nama : Atlet 1 210 175 210
200 200
Keluhan :- 190 190
165
Pakai obat :- 180 165 180
170 155 170
Umur : 22 Tahun 160 158 160
150 145 152 150
Berat Badan : 57 Kg 140 140

DJ
TD
PWC Pred 194 watt Tinggi Badan : 165,5 Cm 130 135 140 130
120 125 127 120
PWC Real 103,09 % L.P.B. : 1,63 m² 110 110
100 115 100
DJ Latiuhan 150 – 170 /menit DJ. Max pred. : 198 x per menit 110
90 90
103
% DJP : 76,77 80 96 80
70 70
Kondisi DJ Sistolik Diastolik VO2 Max 49.1 cc/kg/menit 60 70 60
50 80 80 80 80 8080 8080 80 50
Istirahat 70 110 80 MET 14.0 MET 40 40
Beban Akhir 152 175 80
30 30
IMT 20,81
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Pemulihan 107 145 80 KET. Ideal 1 3 5 7 9 11 13
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
E.K.G. Sinus Normal 0Kg Kenaikan Beban 25 watt

Intensitas Latihan
untuk Meningkatkan STAMINA

52 200
52 200,0
51 198
Aerobik

150 20 15 Dianjurkan 50 196

Anaerobik
49 194
49,1 194
48 192

100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 47 190
Denyut Jantung VO2 Max REAL PRED REAL
94,47% 103,09%
High Intensity Activity Low Intensity Activity

Glucose
Fatty Acids

Amino Acids
University of Arizona, Winning Sports Nutrition, 2004
LACTATE THRESHOLD
Lactate Response to Exercise

12

10
Lactate
8
Threshold
[lactate]

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
work (speed)
Measuring Maximal Oxygen
Consumption
3. Training for Muscular Strength
 Terms

Calorie: basic unit of measurement of energy

in biological system. Indicated by a “c”

In human metabolism Calorie is really

kilocalorie or 1,000 calories. Indicated by a
“C”

This calorie “C” is the amount of energy

required to raise the temperature to 1 kg of
water 1 degree C.

The Caloric needs of most organisms is

measured as Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
METABOLIC RATE OR BMR ??
Whenever I feel like exercise,
I lie down until the feeling passes.
~ J.P. McEvoy
 Mosby items and derived
items © 2006 by Mosby,
RESTING ENERGY EXPENDITURE (REE)
 Sum of all internal working activities of the body

Inc.
at rest
 Expressed as kcal/day

 Basal energy expenditure (BEE) is similar to

REE, but requires complete physical rest
(difficult to achieve)

Slid
e 38
ATLET PERSIBA U-20
 Mosby items and derived
MEASUREMENT OF RESTING METABOLIC

items © 2006 by Mosby,

RATE

Inc.
 General formula
 Men
 1 kcal x kg body weight x 24 hours
 Women
 0.9 kcal x kg body weight x 24 hours

Slid
e 40
Why Do We Eat?
Mosby items and derived
items © 2006 by Mosby,
Slid
e 43

Inc.
CALORIC ALLOWANCES
(BIRTH TO 18)
TWO BASIC KINDS OF CHEMICAL
REACTIONS FOUND IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM
METABOLIC TURNOVER AND CELLULAR ATP
PRODUCTION
SUMMARY OF GLUCOSE METABOLISM
 Hypothalamus
Pituitary

Stress and the

Sympathetic
outflow body’s
Heart
response:

Liver
Flight or fight?

Adrenal gland

Epinephrin
Cortisol e
Norepinophrin
e
BODY HEAT GAINED AND LOST
 BODY’SRESPONSE TO A HEAT LOAD

Response to a “Heat
The The body is exposed Load”
Core Temperatures
to heat Blood going to the
body
rises skin
expos
ed to Core
heat

Thermoregulatio
n center in
Skin hypothalamus Onset
Temperature causes changes to
decreases that
:result in sweating
 Terms

BMR is the minimum resting energy

expenditures by an awake alert person

Average BMR: 70 C/hr or 1680 C/day

If we assume that average amounts of

carbohydrates, lipid, and proteins are being
catabolized we can calculate a ratio of 4.825
“C” per liter of O2 consumed.

BMR in influence by age, gender, physical

condition, body weight, and genes.
Physical activity – energy exp.

54
Mosby items and derived
items © 2006 by Mosby,
Slid
e 55

Inc.
ENERGY EXPENDITURE PER POUND PER
HOUR
IMPORTANT FORMULAS AND UNITS
Quantity Definition Units
Force mass x accel. newtons
Work force x distance joules
Energy power x time joules
Power work / time watts
 Courtesy Jerry Ohlinger’s Movie Material Store

Work is done when a force is exerted over a distance.

YOU CARRY A 20 KG SUITCASE UPSTAIRS, A
DISTANCE OF 4M. HOW MUCH WORK DID
YOU DO?

 W=Fxd
 F = ma

 = (20 kg) (10m/s2) = 200 N

W=Fxd

 = (200 N) (4m)

 = 800 J
Table C.2, Appendix C

WORK kJ Kcal ft./lb kgm

kJ 1.0 0.2388 737 1786.9

kcal 4.1868 1.0 3086 426.8

ft./lb 0.000077 0.000324 1.0 0.1383

kgm 0.009797 0.002345 7.23 1.0

The table conversion factors represent how 1 unit listed down equals59
the number of units listed across; eg: 1 kcal = 4.1868 kJ
Table C.2, Appendix C

POWER kgm/min Watts kcal.min kJ/min

kgm/min 1.0 0.16345 0.00234 0.00981

Watts 6.118 1.0 0.014665 0.06

kcal/min 426.78 69.697 1.0 4.186

kJ/min 101.97 16.667 0.2389 1.0

The table conversion factors represent how 1 unit listed down equals60
the number of units listed across; eg: 1 Watt = 6.118 kgm/min
Muscular Work Versus Power
• Work
– Force exerted over a distance
– Work = force × distance
– Involves movement of an object or body part
– Unit of measurement: joule (J)
– 1 joule = 1 Newton (N) of force over 1 meter
– Also expressed as:
•Kilopond (Kp)
•Kilogram-meter (kgm)
International Unit of Energy: Joule

: energy used when 1 Kg is moved

1 meter by a force of 1 Newton

: kJ = 103 J; MJ = 106 J

: 1 kcal = 4.184 kJ

: Protein: 17 kJ or 4 kcal/g
CHO: 17 kJ or 4 kcal/g
Fat: 37 kJ or 9 kcal/g
Muscular Work Versus Power
• Power (“Explosive Strength”)
– The rate at which work is performed
– Equations:
•Power = force × distance/time
OR
•Power = force × velocity
– Unit of measurement: watts (W)
– 1 W = 1 J/s
– Typically valued more than strength in sports
Ergometry can be used to better understand energy
expenditure, and the energy cost of performing specific
exercise on ergometers.
Based on Table C.2, Appendix C;

Performing cycle ergometry at 1250 kgm/min for 45 min;

1250 kgm/min = 204.315 Watts = 3.0 kcal/min = 12.5 kJ.min
when using kcal/min,
3.0 kcal/min x 45 min = 135 Kcals

If you think this is an unusually low energy value, you

are right!! 65
 THE BAD
NEWS …

100 extra 4.05 kg

calories per day weight gain per year

36500÷9000

66
Energy Balance Equation

Energy Balance
“State in which energy intake,
in the form of food and /or
alcohol, matches the energy
expended, primarily through
basal metabolism and physical
activity”
Positive energy balance
Energy intake > energy expended
Results in weight gain

Negative energy balance

Energy intake < energy expended
Results in weight loss
67
 The Spiral of Health

The Way We Live

Stress at Work Health

&
Life Quality

Environment
RELATIONSHIP OF BMI TO EXCESS MORTALITY
300
Age at Issue
250 20-29
30-39
200

150

100
Low Moderate High
50
Risk Risk Risk

0
15 20 25 30 35 40

Body Mass Index (kg/[m2])

100

90

80

%
70 66
60

%
52
50

40

%
29
30

20
?
10

HT DM GS Ca
HT DM GS Ca
MUFFIN

20 Years Ago Today

210 calories 500 calories

1.5 ounces 4 ounces

Calorie Difference: 290 calories

PEPPERONI PIZZA

20 Years Ago Today

500 calories 850 calories

Calorie Difference: 350 calories

Increased cheeseburger Lifting weights for
size: 257 more calories 1 hour and 30 minutes burns
approximately
257 calories*

*Based on 130-pound person

Maintaining a Healthy Weight is a Balancing Act
Calories In = Calories Out

How long will you have to walk in

order to burn those extra 305
calories?*

*Based on 130-pound
 The Two Sides to Over Eating

76
Under Activity Over Eating
Driven by the Driven by the
technological agricultural
revolution revolution

Inactivity, combined with overeating appear to be the largest contributors to the

obesity epidemic. When energy intake (energy in) and physical activity (energy burned)
are at balance with one another, the body is at homeostasis. There is no weight loss,
and there is no weight gain. Weight is simply maintained where it is.
This is the ideal situation, provided the individual is at a healthy weight.
2009