RECOMMENDED TEXT BOOK

CYNTHIA C.NORKIN D.JOYCE WHITE

1. Universal goniometer (most common)
2. Gravity dependent goniometer of fluid
goniometer
3. Pendulum goniometer
4. Electrogoniometer
 Fulcrum
Stable arm
Movable arm
- Testing positions refer to the positions of the
body that we recommend for obtaining
goniometric measurements.
- The testing positions are designed to do the
following
- A. place the joint in a starting position of 0
degrees
- B. permit a complete ROM
- Testing positions involve position like supine,
prone, sitting and standing.
 Total procedure should b explain to the
patient.
 Therapist has to stand near to the patient
and facing the joint, which has to be
measured.
 Fulcrum or axis of the goniometer is placed
over the axis of the joint to be measured.
 Movable arm is fixed with the distal segment
of the joint.
 Stable arm is fixed the proximal segment of
the joint.
 Therapist has to move the distal segment of
the joint with the movable arm of the
goniometer to measure the joint ROM.
 Soft tissue tightness
 Adhesion formation
 Injuries or inflammation around the joint
 Muscle bulk
 Gender
 Age
 Nervous system
 Synovial ball and socket joint
 Ball is the convex head of the humerus
 Socket is the concave glenoid fossa of the
scapula
Osteokinematics
3 degree of freedom
 Humeral, scapular, and clavicular motion at
the Glenohumeral, sternoclavicular
acromoioclavicular and scapulothoracic
joints
 Flexion-extension and abduction-adduction
occurs as a rolling and sliding of the head of
the humerus on glenoid fossa.
 Direction of sliding is opposite to the
movements of the shaft.
 Slides posteriorly and inferiorly in flexion,
anteriorly and superiorly in extension,
inferiorly in abduction and superiorly in
adduction.
 In lateral rotation, head slides anteriorly and
in medial rotation, head slides posteriorly on
the glenoid fossa.
 Lateral rotation, followed by abduction, with
less limitation in medial rotation.
 End feel is firm in shoulder joint.