MIGRATION AND OTHER SOCAIL PROCESES

SAXIE
2006
 Migration

■ 1. Types of Migration
• What are the major forms of migration?
■ 2. Selective Migration
• Why migration can be considered as a selective process?
■ 3. Brain Drain
• What is the extent of movements of skilled labor?
Types of Migration

■ Emigration and immigration

• Change in residence.
A Problems or • Relative to origin and destination.
benefits? ■ Requires information
Emigrant • People and conditions.
• Two different places.
• Two different times.
■ Duration
• Permanent.
Immigrant • Seasonal / Temporary.
■ Choice / constraint
Problems or • Improve one’s life.
B benefits? • Leave inconvenient / threatening
conditions.
 Types of Migration

■ Gross migration
Gross migration
• Total number of people coming in
and out of an area.
Immigration
• Level of population turnover.
■ Net Migration
Emigration • Difference between immigration (in-
migration) and emigration (out-
migration).
• Positive value:
• More people coming in.
• Population growth.
– 44% of North America and 88% of
Europe.
• Negative value:
• More people coming out.
• Population decline.
Net migration
 Annual Net International Migration by Continent,
1990-95

Oceania

North America

Latin America and

Carribean

Europe

Asia

Africa

-1500 -1000 -500 0 500 1000

 Net Migration, 2000-05

3,000

Net Migration (1,000s)

NA
Negative net migration
Positive net migration
 Types of Migration

■ International Migration
• Emigration is an indicator of economic and/or social failures of a
society.
• Crossing of a national boundary.
• Easier to control and monitor.
• Laws to control / inhibit these movements.
• Between 2 million and 3 million people emigrate each year.
• Between 1965 and 2000, 175 million people have migrated:
• 3% of the global population.
 Migration Policies and Global Migration Patterns

Period Policies Pattern

Before 1914 Open policies (“showing up”). From developed (Europe) to developing
Immigration as a source of labor and countries (Americas, Africa, Australia).
development. Immigration from Europe between 1880
and 1910 was exceeded 25 million.
1920s and “Closed door” linked with the Limited migration.
1930s economic depression. Deportation of
immigrants.

After 1945 More open policies. Reconstruction Beginning to shift from developing to
in Europe (12% of labor force) and developed countries (12%).
economic growth in America.

After 1973 Relatively open policies, but with From developing to developed countries
more stringent requirements. Growth (88%). 3 million illegal immigrants
of refugees and illegal immigration. entering the US per year.
 World Migration Routes Since 1700

European
African (slaves)
Indian
Chinese
Japanese Majority of population descended from immigrants
 Major International Migration Patterns, 1990s

NA
Negative net migration
Positive net migration
 International Migration: Main Destination Countries,
1997

Immigration, 1997
0 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 600,000 700,000 800,000

France

Canada

Britain % Foreign population

Immigration, 1997
Japan

Germany

United States

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
% of foreign population
Region of Birth of the Foreign-Born Population: 1850
to 2000
.

Not Reported
Northern America
Latin America
Africa
Asia
Europe

1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Types of Migration

■ Local Migration
• No state boundaries are crossed.
• Buying a new house in the same
town or city.
• Difficult to research since they
are usually missed in census
Central City data.
• Based on change of income or
lifestyle.
• Often very high levels of local
Suburb
migration.
• Americans change residence
every 5 to 7 years.
 Types of Migration

■ Voluntary migration
• The migrant makes the decision to move.
• Most migration is voluntary.
■ Involuntary
• Forced migration in which the mover has no role in the decision-
making process.
• Slavery:
• About 11 million African slaves were brought to the Americas between
1519 and 1867.
• In 1860, there were close to 4 million slaves in the United States.
• Refugees.
• Military conscription.
• Children of migrants.
• Situations of divorce or separation.
 Types of Migration

Type Characteristics

International Crossing a boundary; easier to control; regulated;

difference in income; 2-3 million per year.
National Between states or provinces; little control; employment
opportunities; education; retirement.
Local Within a city/region; change of income or lifestyle.

Voluntary The outcome of a choice.

Involuntary The outcome of a constraint.

 Population Pyramid of Native and Foreign Born
Population,Europe 2000 (in %)

Native Foreign Born

Male Female Age Male Female
85+
80-84
75-79
70-74
65-69
60-64
55-59
50-54
45-49
40-44
35-39
30-34
25-29
20-24
15-19
10-14
5-9
0-4

8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8
Percent Percent
 Brain Drain

■ Definition
• Relates to educationally specific selective migrations.
• Some countries are losing the most educated segment of their
population.
• Can be both a benefit for the receiving country and a problem to
the country of origin.
■ Receiving country
• Getting highly qualified labor contributing to the economy right
away.
• Promotes economic growth in strategic sectors: science and
technology.
• Not having to pay education and health costs.
• 30% of Mexicans with a PhD are in the US.
World Urban Population, 1950-2000 with Projections
to 2020 (in billions)

4.5
Developing countries
4 Developed countries
3.5

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
 Annual Growth of World and Urban Populations,
1950-2030 (in millions)

100
World
90
Urban
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1950- 1955- 1960- 1965- 1970- 1975- 1980- 1985- 1990- 1995- 2000- 2005- 2010- 2015- 2020- 2025-
1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
PRODUCER :

■ Kostadin Radkov

VG “A.S.P. Koroljov” Dupnica 2006,All rights reserved ®