Basics of Earthquake and

Provisions in
IS 1983(Part I): 2002

Karim M Pathan
 What is EARTHQUAKES ?
 An earthquake is the vibration of Earth
produced by the rapid release of energy
 TYPES
• Tectonic Earthquakes – These occurs when
rocks breaks due to Geological forces.
• Volcanic Earthquakes – These occurs due
to Volcanic eruptions.
• Earthquakes due to manmade causes like
Explosions etc.
 Terminology
 Focus and Epicenter
• Focus is the point within Earth where the
earthquake starts.
• Epicenter is the location on the surface
directly above the focus.

 Faults
• Faults are fractures in Earth where movement
has occurred.
Focus, Epicenter, and Fault
 Terminology
 Magnitude and Intensity
• Magnitude – The Quantitative measure of
earthquake. Depends on amount of strain
Energy released in fault rupture. Richter
Scale ( 5.0, 6.5 etc ).
• Intensity – The Qualitative measure of
earthquake. Modified Mercaili Scale ( I to XII ).
 Energy Released
Energy Released in EQ of 1 Richter higher
magnitude is @ 32 times more than the
lower magnitude.
Plate Tectonics
Plate Tectonics
 PLATE BOUNDARIES

 Convergent plate boundary

 Divergent plate boundary
 Transform plate boundary
ELASTIC REBOUND THEORY
Earthquake Arrival
 EARTHQUAKE WAVES
 Surface waves are seismic waves that
travel along Earth’s outer layer.
 Body Waves – that travel through Earth body
• Identified as P waves or S waves
• P waves
- Push-pull waves.
- Greatest Velocity and travel through Solid,
liquid and gas.
• S waves
- Travel through outer layer of earth.
- Slower than P waves
- Travel through solids only.
EFFECTS OF SEISMIC WAVES
MEASUREMENT OF EARTHQUAKE

 Seismographs are instruments that

record earthquake waves.

 Seismograms are traces of amplified,

electronically recorded ground motion
made by seismographs.

 A seismogram shows all three types of

seismic waves—surface waves, P
waves, and S waves.
SEISMOGRAPH
SEISMOGRAM
 Locating the Earthquake

 Earthquake Distance
• The epicenter is located using the difference
in the arrival times between P and S wave
recordings, which are related to distance.

 Earthquake Location
• Travel-time graphs from three or more
seismographs can be used to find the exact
location of an earthquake epicenter.
Locating an Earthquake
DAMAGE DUE TO EARTHQUAKES
 The damage to buildings and other
structures from earthquake waves depends
on several factors. These factors include
the intensity and duration of the vibrations,
the nature of the material on which the
structure is built, and the design of the
structure.
What happens to Structures (Buildings) during an earthquake ?
Building is subjected to horizontal acceleration

From Newton’s Second Law horizontal force will act on

the building

Fh =  .M
Where, M = Mass of structure
 = acceleration

NOTE:- FORCE DEPENDS ON MASS OF BUILDING

Design the building to withstand this horizontal force
EFFECTIVELY
How to Calculate this horizontal force ?
EQ ANALYSIS OF DAMS
IS 1893 suggests following methods for
Seismic Analysis

i) Equivalent Static Analysis (ESA)

H < 100 m
ii) Dynamic Analysis H > 100 m
Response spectrum Analysis
Time History Analysis
 Equivalent Static Analysis for
DAMS
• Effect of Earthquake on Concrete Dam
1. Hydrodynamic effects.
2. Inertia force caused due to EQ
acceleration.
• Hydrodynamic pressure due to reservoir
p = Cs αh w H
Cs – Coefficient which varies as per Shape
and depth. ( IS1893 – 1984 )
αh – Design horizontal seismic coefficient.
• Vh = 0.726 py & Mh =0.299 py2
 Inertia force due to EQ
It can be found either by Seismic Coefficient
Method or by Response spectrum method

• Seismic coefficient method 1.5 αh

( For Dams up to 100 m Height )
F = W αh
αh = β I α0
α0 – Basic seismic coefficient as per Zone
( 0.01 , 0.02, 0.04, 0.05, 0.08 )
I = Imp factor = 3
β = Soil-foundation factor – 1 for rock
 Inertia force due to EQ
• Response Spectrum Method
( For Dams having Height > 100 m )
F = W αh
αh = β I F ( Sa/g )
0

F – Seismic Zone Factor

0

(0.05 , 0.10, 0.20, 0.25, 0.40 )

I = Imp factor = 3
β = Soil-foundation factor ( 1 )
( Sa/g ) = Ave. Accl. Coefficient depends on
natural time period and damping.
 Inertia force due to EQ
• Fundamental time period
T = 5.55 ( H2/B ) (wm / g Es )0.5
• Base Shear & Base Moments
Vb = 0.6 W αh Mb = 0.9 W y αh
y = distance of C.G. of dam from
base
It Shall be noted that New Code gives the relation
Ah = ( Z/2 ) ( I/R) ( Sa/g )
But Due to insufficient clauses the old provisions can be used.
APPLICATION OF SEISMIC SHEAR ON BODY OF DAM

SEISMIC FORCE IN SEISMIC FORCE IN

FULL CONDITION EMPTY CONDITION
EQ ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS
IS 1893 – 2002 Part 1 suggests following
methods for Seismic Analysis

i) Equivalent Static Analysis (ESA)

ii) Dynamic Analysis
Response spectrum Analysis
Time History Analysis
For AURANGABAD Which building will need

Equivalent Static Analysis (ESA) ?

Dynamic Analysis ?

Type of Building Type of

Analysis
Regular Building of height less ESA
than 90 m
Irregular building of height less ESA
than 40 m
Equivalent Static Analysis is good enough
for most of the buildings
 Step by step procedure for performing
Equivalent Static Analysis using IS 1893 (2002)

Step 1 :
•Know the Seismic zone of building location
•Know the soil strata

Type of soil SPT Value

Rock or Hard soil >30
Medium soil 30<N<15
Soft Soil N < 10
Step 2 :
Calculate the weight of each floor of building
Floor 2

Weight of beam + Slab + ½ column and wall

Floor 1 Appropriate amount of LL to be added to

each floor
Refer Table 8 and IS 875 (Part II)
Step 3 :
Calculate the approximate fundamental natural time
period of vibration
For RCC moment resisting frame without brick infill

Ta = 0.075h0.75
For RCC moment resisting frame with brick infill

Ta = 0.09 h/(d)0.5
h = Height of building(meter). For buildings without
basement, h is to measured from foundation level

d = Base dimension in meter, at plinth level along the

considered direction of lateral force
Step 3 : (Contd..) Plan

d
h
d
GL
Step 4 :
Read the value of Sa/g from response spectra

3.00 Hard Soil

Medium soil
2.50
Soft Soil
2.00
Sa/g

1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
0 1 2 3 4 5
Period (Sec)
Step 5 :
Calculate total lateral load on the building

ZI
Total lateral force VB  (Sa / g)
2R
IMPORTANT:::
R = Response reduction factor
If you follow IS13920 R=5
If you don’t follow IS 13920 R=3
Step 6 :
Calculate lateral load on each floor

Wi h i2 Q2
Qi = VB
Wi h i2
Q1
ith
Qi = Lateral load on floor
Wi = Weight of ith floor
hi = Height of ith floor GL
(From foundation)

Qi is the load on entire plan of building

Step 6 : (Contd..)
Q3 How much load to apply
on individual frame?

Q2

We want to do only plane

frame analysis ??
Q1
Step 7 :
To calculate lateral load on each frame

Each frame will take lateral load in proportion

to its lateral stiffness

(This will be explained in the example)

This completes the seismic analysis as per

Equivalent Static Analysis method of IS 1893
(Part I):2002
 Example:
Simple 2-Storey structure
C1 C1 C1
3.5 m

4.0 m
C2 C2 C2
3.5 m

4.0 m
C1 C1 C1

PL
3.5 m 3.5 m 1.0m
C1 – 230x230 mm
C2 – 400x400 mm
Beams – 230x350 mm
Slab 125mm thk.
3.5 m 3.5 m
ELEVATION
PLAN
Step 1:
Regular Building of height less than 90 m hence
ESA can be done
Building is at Aurangabad hence Zone II
Zone factor = 0.1
Building resting on Hard soil
No walls are considered
Step 2:
Weight calculation:
Weight of slab = 153.1 kN
Weight of beams at one level = 84.5 kN
Weight of columns in one floor height = 39.9 kN

Hence
W1 = Mass of 1st floor slab
+ Mass of beams at 1st floor level
+ ½ mass of first story column
+ ½ mass of GF columns
= 277.5 kN
W2 = Mass of top slab
+ Mass of beams at top floor
+ ½ mass of first story columns
= 257.6 kN
Considering Live Load:

W1 = 277.5 +(122.5 x 0.25)

= 308.2 kN
W2 = 257.6 kN (No live load on top floor)

Step 3
Fundamental Natural Period:
Ta = 0.075 x h0.75
= 0.075 x 9 0.75
= 0. 39 sec

Step 4 corresponding Sa/g = 2.50

Step 5
Horizontal seismic coefficient :
Ah = Z I (Sa/g)
2R
= 0.1x 1.0 x 2.5
2 x 5.0
= 0.025
Total Lateral force:
VB = Ah x W
= 0.025 x (W1 + W2)
= 0.025 x (308.2 + 257.6)
= 14.14 kN
Step 6

Q1 = VB x W1 h12 / (W1 h12 + w2h22)

= 14.14 x 308.2 x 52/(308.2x52+257.6x92)
= 3.8 kN

h2
h1
Q2 = VB x W2 h22 / (W1 h12 + w2h22)
= 14.14 x 308.2 x 52/(308.2x52+257.6x92)
= 10.3 kN

Total force on entire building at each floor

 Frame C

Frame B

Frame A

10.3 kN

3.8 kN
Step 7
To calculate lateral stiffness of each frame

10.3 kN
10.3 kN

3.8 kN 3.8 kN

Frame A & C Frame B

Step 7(Contd..) Frame C

Deflection of frame A &C = 1.56mm Frame B

Deflection of frame B = 0.41 mm Frame A

Stiffness of A & C = (10.3 + 3.8)/1.56
K1= 9.03
Stiffness of B = 10.3 + 3.8)/0.41
K2 = 34.4
K1/K2 =0.27
Divide the total lateral load in
proportion to stiffness of each
frame
Step 7(Contd..)
K1 Frame C

K2 Frame B

Frame A
K1
K1/K2 = 0.27
Load on Frame A = P. K1/(2K1 + K2)
Load on Frame B = P. K2/(2K1 + K2)
Load on Frame C = Same as on Frame A
 Step 7(Contd..)
Final loads on each frame

1.8 kN 6.7kN

0.67 kN 3.13 kN

Frame A & C Frame B

Once force on each frame is found, it can be Analysed by suitable method
Questions ?
Thank You