ABDUL WALI KHAN UNIVERSITY

MARDAN.
NAME :FAZAL AZIM
CLASS : BS 4TH
ROLL NO : 24
SUBMITTED TO : SIR WAQAS MUZAFFAR
 IGNEOUS ROCKS BY COMPOSITION
• IGNEOUS ROCKS ARE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO THEIR MINERAL CONTENT
• ULTRAMAFIC ROCKS ARE DOMINATED BY OLIVINE AND/OR PYROXENE.
• MAFIC ROCKS ARE DOMINATED BY PLAGIOCLASE AND PYROXENE (EVEN IF YOU CAN'T SEE
THEM WITH THE NAKED EYE) AND SMALLER AMOUNTS OF OLIVINE.
• INTERMEDIATE ROCKS ARE ROUGHLY EVEN MIXTURES OF FELSIC MINERALS
(MAINLY PLAGIOCLASE) AND MAFIC MINERALS (MAINLY HORNBLENDE, PYROXENE,
AND/OR BIOTITE). THERE IS LITTLE OR NO QUARTZ.
• FELSIC ROCKS ARE MOSTLY FELDSPAR (ESPECIALLY K-FELDSPAR), AT LEAST 10% QUARTZ,
AND LESS THAN 15% MAFIC MINERALS (BIOTITE, HORNBLENDE).
ULTRAMAFIC ROCKS AFTER IUGS.
 MAFIC IGNEOUS ROCKS
• IN GEOLOGY, IGNEOUS ROCK THAT IS DOMINATED BY THE
SILICATES PYROXENE, AMPHIBOLE, OLIVINE, AND MICA. THESE MINERALS ARE HIGH
IN MAGNESIUM AND FERRIC OXIDES, AND THEIR PRESENCE GIVES MAFIC ROCK ITS
CHARACTERISTIC DARK COLOR. MAFIC ROCK IS COMMONLY CONTRASTED WITH FELSIC ROCK,
IN WHICH LIGHT-COLORED MINERALS PREDOMINATE. COMMON MAFIC ROCKS
INCLUDE BASALT AND ITS COARSE-GRAINED INTRUSIVE EQUIVALENT, GABBRO.

•GABBRO
DIAGRAM
 GABBRO
• GABBRO REFERS TO A LARGE GROUP OF DARK, COARSE-GRAINED, INTRUSIVE MAFIC
IGNEOUS ROCKS PLUTONIC EQUIVALENT TO BASALT.
• IT WAS NAMED BY THE GERMAN GEOLOGIST CHRISTIAN LEOPOLD VON BUCH AFTER A
TOWN IN THE ITALIAN TUSCANY REGION.
• THESE OCCURS AS LOPOLITH, BATHOLITH , STOCK AND LARGE LAYERED BODIES.
 THE ROCK GABBRO SHOWS THE FOLLOWING TEXTURES.
• CUMULUS:- HERE THEY ARE FORMED BY THE ACCUMULATION OF CRYSTALS THAT SETTLED OUT
FROM A MAGMA BY THE ACTION OF GRAVITY THEY ARE IN LIQUID FORM. IT SHOWS
EUHEDRAL GRAIN SIZE.
• OPHITIC TEXTURE:- IS ONE WHERE RANDOM PLAGIOCLASE LATHS ARE ENCLOSED BY
PYROXENE OR OLIVINE. IF PLAGIOCLASE IS LARGER AND ENCLOSES THE FERROMAGNESIAN
MINERALS, THEN THE TEXTURE IS SUB OPHITIC AND THE LATHS TYPICALLY IMPINGE ON ONE
ANOTHER TO FORM SHARP ANGLES.
• POIKILITIC TEXTURE:- IT REFERS TO SMALL, TYPICALLY EUHEDRAL CRYSTALS (CHADACRYSTS),
THAT ARE ENCLOSED (INCLUDED) WITHIN A MUCH LARGER MINERAL OF DIFFERENT
COMPOSITION. UNLIKE THE PORPHYRITIC TEXTURE.
(IUGS CLASSIFICATION) STREAKINESS CLASSIFICATION
OF GABBRO(1967)
 APHANITIC IGNEOUS ROCK
• APHANITIC ROCK IS IGNEOUS ROCK IN WHICH THE GRAIN OR CRYSTALLINE
STRUCTURE IS TOO FINE TO BE SEEN BY THE UNAIDED EYE. SUCH ROCK IS
FORMED WHEN THE MATERIAL SOLIDIFIES AT OR NEAR THE SURFACE SO THAT
THE COOLING IS RATHER RAPID. SUCH ROCKS ARE TERMED "EXTRUSIVE"
ROCKS. UNDER THESE CONDITIONS, THERE IS NOT ENOUGH TIME FOR THE
GROWTH OF LARGE CRYSTALS. BASALT FROM SURFACE LAVA FLOW OFTEN
EXHIBITS AN APHANITIC TEXTURE.
• SINCE THE CRYSTALS OF INDIVIDUAL MINERALS CANNOT BE EASILY RESOLVED
FOR CLASSIFICATION, APHANITIC ROCKS ARE CLASSIFIED IN GENERAL TERMS
LIKE LIGHT, INTERMEDIATE OR DARK IN COLOR.
• THE PRESENCE OF VOIDS CALLED VESICLES IS COMMON IN APHANITIC ROCK
SINCE THE CONDITION OF COOLING RAPIDLY MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH THE
UPPER PORTION OF LAVA FLOWS. THESE VESICLES CAUSED BY GASES
ESCAPING FROM THESE LAVA FLOWS WILL BE MOST NUMEROUS IN THE UPPER
PORTIONS OF THE FLOWS.

•FOR EXAMPLE
 VOLCANIC ROCKS
• VOLCANIC ROCKS ARE USUALLY FINE-GRAINED OR APHANITIC TO GLASSY IN
TEXTURE. THEY OFTEN CONTAIN CLASTS OF OTHER ROCKS AND
PHENOCRYSTS. PHENOCRYSTS ARE CRYSTALS THAT ARE LARGER THAN THE
MATRIX AND ARE IDENTIFIABLE WITH THE UNAIDED EYE. THEY WERE CREATED
DURING FRACTIONAL CRYSTALLIZATION OF MAGMA BEFORE EXTRUSION.
VOLCANIC ROCKS ARE NAMED ACCORDING TO THEIR CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION. BASALT IS A VERY COMMON VOLCANIC ROCK WITH LOW
SILICA CONTENT. RHYOLITE IS A VOLCANIC ROCK WITH HIGH SILICA
CONTENT. RHYOLITE HAS THE SAME CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AS GRANITE
AND BASALT IS COMPOSITIONALLY EQUAL TO GABBRO. INTERMEDIATE
VOLCANIC ROCKS INCLUDE ANDESITE, DACITE, AND LATITE.
• VOLCANIC ROCKS OFTEN HAVE A VESICULAR TEXTURE, WHICH IS THE RESULT
VOIDS LEFT BY VOLATILES ESCAPING FROM THE MOLTEN LAVA. PUMICE IS A
ROCK, WHICH IS AN EXAMPLE OF EXPLOSIVE VOLCANIC ERUPTION. IT IS SO
VESICULAR THAT IT FLOATS IN WATER. PYROCLASTIC ROCKS ARE THE
PRODUCT OF EXPLOSIVE VOLCANISM. THEY ARE USUALLY FELSIC (HIGH IN
SILICA). EXAMPLES OF PYROCLASTIC ROCKS ARE TUFF AND IGNIMBRITE.
SHALLOW INTRUSIONS, WHICH POSSESS STRUCTURE SIMILAR TO VOLCANIC
RATHER THAN PLUTONIC ROCKS ARE ALSO CONSIDERED TO BE VOLCANIC.
CLASSIFICATION OF VOLCANIC ROCKS AND
SEDIMENTS
 VOLCANIC ROCKS TEXTURE

• VOLCANIC ROCKS ARE USUALLY FINE-GRAINED OR APHANITIC TO GLASS IN

TEXTURE. THEY OFTEN CONTAIN CLASTS OF
OTHER ROCKS AND PHENOCRYSTS. PHENOCRYSTS ARE CRYSTALS THAT ARE
LARGER THAN THE MATRIX AND ARE IDENTIFIABLE WITH THE
UNAIDED EYE. RHOMB PORPHYRY IS AN EXAMPLE WITH
LARGE RHOMB SHAPED PHENOCRYSTS EMBEDDED IN A VERY FINE GRAINED
MATRIX.
• VOLCANIC ROCKS OFTEN HAVE A VESICULAR TEXTURE CAUSED BY VOIDS LEFT
BY VOLATILES TRAPPED IN THE MOLTEN LAVA. PUMICE IS A HIGHLY VESICULAR
ROCK PRODUCED IN EXPLOSIVE VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS.
EXAMPLE OF VOLCANIC ROCK
 REFERENCES

• GOOGLE.
• WIKIPEDIA.
• LECTURES.

THANKS