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Design Irrigation System
Design Irrigation System
Design Irrigation System
Asher Azenkot
1
Local Head Losses
2
Hydraulic Valve Local Head Loss
3
Filter Local Head Loss
4
Metzer drip line
m3/h
6
Local head loss
Flow rate
Local head loss m
7
Example:
0.32
A12" 0.07m 2
4
8
Continue:
Q m3/h 100 200 400
Velocity 0.39 0.78 1.57
2
V /2g 0.01 0.03 0.13
Local head loss 0.02 0.08 0.31
J ‰ 12” pipe 0.6 2.2 7.8
Head loss in pipe 0.8 2.7 9.8
Total head loss 0.82 2.78 10.11
% local head loss 2.5 2.96 3.1
9
Continue:
Qu = n*q
D 3q 2q q
Sl
95 m
11
Coefficient F
Plastic later Al lateral
n F1 F2 F3 F1 F2 F3
5 0.469 0.337 0.41 0.457 0.321 0.396
10 0.415 0.35 0.384 0.402 0.336 0.371
12 0.406 0.352 0.381 0.393 0.338 0.367
15 0.398 0.355 0.377 0.385 0.341 0.363
20 0.389 0.357 0.373 0.376 0.343 0.36
25 0.384 0.358 0.371 0.371 0.345 0.358
30 0.381 0.359 0.37 0.368 0.346 0.357
40 0.376 0.36 0.368 0.363 0.347 0.355
50 0.374 0.361 0.367 0.361 0.348 0.354
100 0.369 0.362 0.366 0.356 0.349 0.352
1. F1 to be used when the distance from the lateral inlet to the first outlet is Sl
meters.
2. F2 to be used when the first outlet is near the lateral inlet.
3. F3 to be used when the distance from the lateral inlet to the first outlet is Sl/2
meters. 12
Characteristics of a Lateral pipe
The sprinkler pressure along the lateral pipe
decline faster along the first 40% of the length
than afterwards (figure 2).
The sprinkler flow rate along the lateral pipe
declines faster along the first 40% of the
length (figure 1).
The location of the sprinkler (or emitter) with the
average pressure and flow rate is 40% away from the
lateral’s inlet.
Three quarter of the lateral head loss takes
place along the first two fifth sections (40%).
13
Fig. 1: Flow rate reduction in a plain pipe
and in a lateral with sprinklers.
2 25
1.9 20
1.8 15
1.7 10
1.6 5
1.5 0
0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 132 144 156
sprinkler flow 1.9 1.88 1.86 1.84 1.83 1.82 1.81 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.79 1.79 1.79
% reduction 100 98.7 97.6 96.8 96.1 95.6 95.2 94.9 94.6 94.5 94.5 94.5 94.5
line flow 23.75 23.75 21.84 19.96 18.11 16.26 14.43 12.61 10.8 8.99 7.19 5.39 3.59 1.79
14
Fig. 2: Head loss and percent of head loss
120 120
Sprinkler pressure m
100 100
% of head loss
80
80
60
60
40
40 20
20 0
0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 132 144 156
pressure (m) 40 38.5 37.2 36.1 35.2 34.4 33.9 33.4 33 32.8 32.6 32.5 32.5 32.5
Pres Red 100 96 93 90 88 86 85 84 83 82 82 81 81 81
% of reduction 0 20 37 52 64 75 81 88 93 96 99 100 100 100
% of length 0 8 15 23 31 38 46 54 62 69 77 85 92 100
Plain line 100 96 92 88 84 80 76 72 68 64 60 56 52 48
pressure (m) Pres Red % of reduction Plain line
15
16
17
18
Head loss Calculation Along lateral
Select a suitable sprinkler or emitter with a
required Hs, qs and sl from a catalogue (figure 3).
The number of sprinklers (n) along the lateral is
determined by (L/sl).
The discharge rate at the lateral inlet is
determined by (Qu = n x qs ).
The lateral diameter (D) should comply with
maximum head loss of 20%.
The head loss along a lateral (Qu, q, D and L) is
computed by:
o Assuming the lateral pipe is plain and.
o The outcome is multiplied by F factor.
19
Fig. 3 - Naan 233
20
Head loss in drip lateral pipe
(m) % 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 1 1.25 1.5
0 65 92 117 140 161 181 201 236 278 315
10 2 71 104 135 166 195 223 251 305 371 434
4 76 113 150 186 221 256 290 357 439 519
0 75 107 135 162 186 209 231 273 321 365
12 2 81 117 152 185 217 248 278 337 408 476
4 85 126 165 204 241 279 314 386 473 558
0 83 118 149 179 206 232 256 302 355 405
14 2 88 128 165 201 235 268 301 363 438 510
4 92 136 178 219 258 298 335 410 501 590
0 90 127 161 193 223 251 278 327 385 438
16 2 94 137 176 214 250 286 319 385 464 539
4 98 144 188 232 273 314 354 431 525 617
0 95 135 172 206 238 267 296 349 411 468
18 2 100 144 186 226 264 301 337 405 486 566
4 104 152 198 243 286 328 370 450 546 641
0 101 143 181 217 251 282 312 369 434 494
20 2 105 151 195 237 276 314 352 423 508 588
4 109 159 207 253 298 341 384 467 566 663
0 105 149 190 228 263 296 327 387 455 519
22 2 109 158 203 246 287 327 366 439 526 611
4 113 165 214 262 308 354 397 482 585 684
0 110 156 198 237 274 309 342 403 475 540
24 2 114 164 211 256 298 339 378 455 545 630
4 117 171 222 271 319 365 410 497 601 702
0 114 161 205 246 284 320 354 419 493 561
26 2 118 169 218 264 308 350 390 469 561 650
4 121 176 229 279 328 375 421 510 618 720
0 117 167 212 254 294 331 366 433 510 581
28 2 121 175 224 272 317 361 402 482 578 668
4 125 181 235 287 337 385 432 523 631 737
0 121 172 219 262 303 342 378 447 526 600
30 2 125 179 231 279 325 370 413 495 591 684
4 128 186 241 294 345 394 442 535 646 752
22
Number Of Mamkad spinklers
23
Mamkad mini-sprinkler nozzles
24
Example:
25
Answer:
lateral 360 m
Submain
The number of sprinklers on the lateral is
180
n 15sprinklers
12
The length of the lateral (l) is
l = (14 sprinkler x 12 m apart) + 6 m = 174 meters
26
Continue
20
h 25 5meters
100
27
Continue:
h J L 188.9 174
J 1,000 h 32.9m
L 1,000 1,000
J L 26.2 174
h 4.6meters
1,000 1,000
P=?
D 3q 2q
Qu = n*q Sl
30
A Lateral Inlet Pressure
32
Example:
Following the previous example, what is the inlet pressu
hf = 1.66 meters
riser height = 0.8 meters
hs = 25 meters
3
hu hs h f riser
4
3
hu 25 1.66 0.8 27 m 2.7atmosphere
4
33
Inlet pressure in case of a Lateral pipe
Laid out on a Slop
The inlet pressure of a lateral pipe which laid
out along a slope is as follows:
3 z
hu hs h f riser
4 2
hu - the lateral inlet pressure
hs - pressure head of selected
sprinkler
hf - head loss along lateral
riser - riser height
Z
- adjustment for an upward
2
slope
Z
2
- adjustment for an downward
slope 34
Example:
Following the previous example, but this time
with: a. 2% downward slope, or b. 2% upward
slope.
The difference elevation
2 between the two ends
Z 174
is as follows: 3.48meters
100
a. 2% downward slope
3 z
hu hs h f riser
4 2
3 3.48
hu 25 1.66 0.8 25.3m
4 2
35
Cont.
36
Cont.
25.3m 27.12m
360 m
P=30.3m
P=28.5m
Sub-main
37
Continue:
b. 2% upward slope
3 z
hu hs h f riser
4 2
3 3.48
hu 25 1.66 0.8 28.78m
4 2
The total head loss throughout the lateral pipe is:
39
Distribution of water and pressure
40
“The 20% rule”
In order to maintain up to 10% difference in flow
rate between sprinklers or emitter within a sub-plot,
then the pressure difference inside the plot should
be less than 20%.
Q C A 2 g H
or
Q K H
Q - flow rate
C – coefficient, which depends on a nozzle type
A - cross section area of a nozzle
H - pressure head
X - exponent which depends on the flow pattern.
41
Pressure Vs. Flow
Pressure m
Liter/hr
42
O-tif Flow rate Vs. Pressure
Brown 2lph
Black 4lph
Green 8lph
Purple 16lph
Recommended
pressure range
Flow rate
(lph
)
. . . . . . . .
Inlet pressure (kg/cm )
43
3/8" Rondo Nozzles - Flow rate Vs. Pressure
Plastro Red
Plastro Green
Plastro Dark blue
Plastro Blue
Plastro Black
Flow rate
(gph
Pressure (psi)
44
Supertif - flow rate Vs. Pressure
l/h
l/h
l/h
l/h
l/h
l/h
46
Flow rate Vs Pressure
47
Temperature Vs CV (tapes drip-line)
48
Example:
QK H
49
Continue:
BLACK (2) 0.615 0.539 19.3 0.9 1.3 1.6 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.6 2.7 2.9
BLACK (4) 1.3643 0.478 22 1.9 2.6 3.2 3.7 4.1 4.5 4.8 5.1 5.4
GREEN (8) 2.7257 0.465 22.7 3.8 5.2 6.3 7.2 8 8.7 9.3 9.9 10.5
RED (11) 4.3329 0.414 25.8 5.8 7.7 9.1 10.3 11.3 12.1 12.9 13.7 14.4
Q=LPH H=m.
%DH - MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE HEAD LOSS DIFFERENCE.
ALONG A LATERAL (AS PERCENT OF THE WORKING PRESSURE.
TO KEEP FLOW RATE DIFFERENCEC ≤ 10%
OF WORKING FLOW RATE.
51
Tufftif performance chart
20
18
16
14
12 BLACK (2)
FLOW RATE
BLACK (4)
10
GREEN (8)
8 RED (11)
(lph
)
0
0 2m 4m 6m 8m 10m 12m 14m 16m 18m 20m 25m 30m
PRESSURE (m)
52
Example for a micro sprinklers
A polyethylene lateral pipe, grade 4, has 10
micro-sprinklers at 10 meters apart, while the
first is only one half way. The flow rate of the
selected sprinkler is qs = 120 l/h at hs = 20
meters. The riser’s height is 0.15 meter (can be
ignored). What is the required pipe for the
qs=120l/h
lateral pipe? h =20m
0.15 m s
Q=1.2m3/h D = ? mm
10 m
95 m
53
Continue:
n = 10 micro-sprinklers
length (L) = (9 sprinkler x 10 m) + 5 m = 95 meters
F10 = 0.384
10 120
Qu 1.2m / h
3
1,000
54
Continue:
The maximum allowable in the field is as
follows:
20
20 4meters
100
For a 20 mm polyethylene pipe grade 4 (ID 16.6
mm), the hydraulic gradient found out of a slide
ruler or monograph Q = 1.2 m3/h is J = 18.5%.
95
h 18.5 17.5m
100
h f h F10
h f 17.5 0.384 6.74m
6.74 meters is exceeding the allowable 4 meters (20%)
55
Continue:
56
Continue:
3
hu 20 2.1 21.5meters
4
57
Design an Irrigation System
Option 1 - The rule of 20% is applied to all the
outlets (either sprinklers or drips) on the same
subplot. Any excess pressure over 20% between
the subplots is controlled by flow pressure
regulators.
58
Lay out of drip line without pressure
regulator
59
Drip line inlet without pressure
regulator
60
Design an Irrigation System
61
Inlet with pressure regulator
62
Design an Irrigation System
63
Example:
Ten micro-sprinklers are installed along a plastic
lateral pipe (grade 4) at 10 m (32.8 ft) apart (the
first sprinkler is 5 meters). The flow rate of the
selected sprinkler is qs = 120 l/h (0.5 GPM), at a
pressure of hs = 20 meters. The riser height is 0.15
m (which can be ignored). What is the appropriate
lateral pipe diameter, if the field is designed and
abided by options 1, 2 and 3?
n = 10, L = 95 m F10 =0.384
10 120
Q 1.2m3 / hr
1,000
64
Continue:
Option 1:
For 20 mm - The hydraulic gradient For a 20
mm P.E. pipe and Q = 1.2 m3/h is J = 18.5%.
95
h 18.5 17.5m
100
h h F10 17.5 0.384 6.72m
65
Continue:
67
Continue:
6 120
Q 0.72m3 / hr
1,000
68
Continue:
From a table or a slide ruler - the hydraulic
gradient for D = 25 mm and Q = 0.72 is J = 2.4%.
60
h 2.4 1.4m
100
h f h F6 1.4 0.458 0.64
70
Continue:
The total head loss along the combined 25
and 20 mm lateral is as follows:
71
Continue:
3
hu 20 3.5 22.7m 23m 2.3atmosphere
4
72
Continue:
Option 3:
The lateral pipe is design either with flow or
pressure regulators in every - sprinkler. The
laterals diameter can be reduced to 20 mm or
even further to 16 mm.
In case of 20 mm diameter pipe, the head loss is
6.72 meters (see Option 1). Therefore, the
pressure requirement at the last lateral inlet is:
hu 20 6.72 26.72m 27m 2.7at.
The lateral inlet pressure - the entire head loss is added
to the required sprinkler pressure.
73
Example:
74
Answer:
75
Continue:
The maximum head loss between the sprinklers
throughout the field is:
20
25 5meters
100
For a 20 mm (ID = 16.6 mm) lateral pipe on the two
sides:
n=8 F8 = 0.394
L = (7 sprinklers x 6 m) + 3 m = 45 m
120
Q 8 0.96m3 / hr
1,000
76
Continue:
hd hu h8 25 .6 25 .4 0.2 m 0.02 at .
78
Continue:
3 2
hu 25 2.21 27.65m 2.76at.
4 2
80
Continue:
81
Continue:
Downward laterals:
D = 20 mm n = 10 L = (9 sprinkler x 6 m) + 3 m = 57 m
57
h 18.5 10.53m
100
h f h F10 10.53 0.384 4.15m 4.2m
82
Continue:
3 2.28
hu 25 4.2 27.1m
4 2
83
Continue:
84
Continue:
Upward laterals:
86
Continue:
87
Design of a manifold pipe
88
Example:
89
Answer:
qs=.11m3/h
lateral Ps=20m
6m 8
m
manifold
90
Continue:
20
20 4meters .
100
48
6
8
91
Continue:
44
h 22.3 9.8m
100
92
Continue:
93
Continue:
44
h 6.5 2.86m
100
The head loss in 20-mm lateral pipe (including
10 local head loss) is
94
Continue:
3 3
hu hs h f 20 1.3 21m
4 4
The water pressure at the last micro-sprinkler
on the lateral pipe is, as follows:
h6 hu h f 21 1.3 19.7m
95
Continue:
Manifold Design:
The number of laterals is
96
(N) 2 (two sides) 32
6
F32 = 0.376 L = (31 laterals x 6 m) + 3 = 93 m
Q = 32 x 0.66 = 21.1 m3/hr
96
Continue:
93
h 7.2 6.69
100
97
Continue:
99
Distribution of water and pressure
100
Distribution of water and pressure
p max.
haverage
qaverage
q min
<10%
101
Designing of Irrigation System
Considerations: soil, topography, water supply and
quality, kind of crops, climate.
o Soil – infiltration rate, field capacity, (the lighter the soil
is - a higher advantage to drip system). המטרה
o Topography – the steeper the terrain - a higher
advantage to drip system.
o Water supply – availability (time), pressure and quantity
o Water quality – salinity (chlorine, SAR, B, heavy metal
or any other toxic), hardness, Fe, Mn, total suspended
material and type.
o Crop – as the root system shallower a higher advantage
to micro irrigation system (closing spacing).
o Price – as the expected income is relative higher - a
better water distribution system is an advantage.
o Crop – Layout of the crop and type.
o Climate – evaporation, wind pattern, crop protection
(high or low temperature)
102
Continue:
Farm schedule.
o Working time.
o Crop related activity – such as chemical application,
harvesting, weeds control and so on.
Water application:
o Estimate water application depth at each irrigation cycle.
o Determine the peak period of daily water consumption.
o Determine the frequency of water supply.
103
Continue:
Irrigation system:
o Consider several alternative types of irrigation
systems.
104
Continue:
Irrigation layout:
o Divide the field into sub-plots according to the crops,
availability of water and number of shifts (in one
complete irrigation cycle).
o Determine the best layout of main and laterals.
o Determine the required lateral size.
o Determine the size of a main pipe.
o Select a pump.
105
Continue
106
Combination of pipes
The total head loss along 300 meters PVC (grade 6) pipe is
15 m, with a flow rate of 180 m3/h. Which size of pipes are
required?
Q=180 m3/h
300 m
h=15m
107
Answer
The hydraulic gradient for 160 mm (ID 150.2 mm) is: 3.4%
Therefore, the head loss for 300 m long pipe is: 10.2 m (too
big pipe)
The hydraulic gradient for 140 mm (ID 131.4 mm) is: 6.4%
Therefore, the head loss for 300 m long pipe is: 19.2 m (too
small pipe).
Therefore, a combination of the two can make it.
108
Cont.
Q=150 m3/h
300 m
L 300-L
109
Example:
1 3 5
1’ 3’
5’
E
C’ B’ A’
2’ 4’ 6
50m 96m 96m
Q=84m3/h F Pump
111
Pressure requirement
Qu=21m3
Hu=25 m
Qu=84m3
Hu=40m
112
Continue:
113
Continue:
The diagram for the first and second day of water
supply is:
1 3 5
D Q=21m3/h hu=25.6m
2Q=42m3/h
C B A
2 4 6
L=50m L=192m
250m
1’ 3’
5’
Q=21m3/h
E 2Q=42m3/h C’ B’ A’
2’ 4’ 6
L=50m L=192
1’ 3’
5’ Q=0m3/h
E 2Q=42m3/h C’ B’ A’
2’ 4’ 6
L=146m
D C A
E
F 120 m 300 m 192m
84 m3/h 42 m3/h 21m3/h
116
Main pipes’ diagram for third day
(Case 2)
E D B
F 120 m 396 m
84 m3/h 42 m3/h
117
Continue:
118
Continue:
Case 1: Design system for the first and second day.
hu - 25.6 m (including the depth of the main pipe 0.6 m)
pump pressure - 40 m
Total head loss = 40 - 25.6 = 14.4 m
Head loss for the selected pipe:
A-C 192m Q = 21 m3/hr 3" pipe = 4.5 m
C-D 50m Q = 42 m3/hr 4" pipe = 1m
D-E 250m Q = 42 m3/hr 4" pipe = 5.2 m
The pressure by E is : 25.6 + 4.5 + 1.0 + 5.2 = 36.3 m.
The head loss available for E-F = 40 – 36.3 = 3.7 m
119
Pressure diagram for case 1
36.3m E
40m
F
120
Continue:
L (4") = 13.7 m
Hu-25.6
B
D 146m3
42 m
42 m3
F
Hu-40m
122
Continue
42 m3 Hu-25.6
H-28.6m
B
D 4” 146m
H-33.8m E
F
Hu-40m
124
Continue
The pressure in case 2 at point E is 33.8 m which is lower than
in case 2 which was 36.3 m (pressure different of 2.5 m). .
Therefore, the pipe for DB should be reduced, in a way that the
pressure at a point D should be a same as case 1 which is
31.2m. H-31.1m 42 m 3
Hu-25.6
B
D 146m
E
A combination of pipes 3” and 4” for DB section with
5.6 m head loss should be selected. 125
Continue
L3" 146 L
1.1(7.5 1.9 ) 5.5
100 100
3” pipe is = 39.75 m and for 4” is 106.25 m
126
Case 2
H-31.2m 4” Hu-25.6
3”
106.25m 39.75 m B
D
42 m3
E
In this situation the size of pipes DE and EF are a same as in case
1.
In case 2, the required pipes are smaller than case 1 (DB). (The
selected pipe in case 1 are too small to maintain the pressure
requirement in case 2) 127
Pipe diagram for case 1 & 2
Hu-25.6m
D
4” 106.75m 3” 135.25m
C B A
F
128
Head loss in case 1
129
Pressure diagram for case 1
H-39m
F
130
Head loss in case 2
131
Pressure diagram for case 2
4” 106.25m 3” 39.75m
D
H-36.3m
C B
E
H-40m
25.6m
H-36.3m
E B’
H-40m
F
133
The pipe for E – A’ for case 1
E 42m3/h C’ Q – 21m3/h A’
H-35.3m H-25.6m
50 m 192 m
134
Continue
The hydraulic gradient for 2” is 15% and for 3” is 2.1% and
combination of the two will make it.
L2" 192 L
1.1(15 2.1 ) 5.6
100 100
135
The pipe for E – B’ for case 2
E 42m3/h B’
H-36.3m H-25.6m
146 m
136
The combination pipes for E – B’
L3" 146 L
1.1(7.5 1.9 ) 10.7
100 100
3” pipe 124.1 m
4” pipe 21.9 m
137
Diagram for E – A’ for case 2
H-30.1 H-29.1m 25.6m
4” 104.6m 3” 137.4m
D C B A
H-35.3m
B’ 25.6m
E
4” 3” 2” A’
21.9m 211.9m 8.2m
H-39m
F
Since the size of the pipe E-A’ increased, therefore we have to
reconsider the pipe size for EA’ in case 1.
138
Section E-A’ case 1
25.6m
C’
E A’
4” 3” 2”
21.9m 211.9m 8.2m
139
Continue
The length of B – A is 96 m with 21 m3/h
The current head loss is:
for 3” 183.8 m is -4.3 m
for 2” 8.2 m is -1.4 m
The total head loss should be increased by 1.2 m
4.3 + 1.4 + 1.2 = 6.9 m
The hydraulic gradient for 2” and 21m3/h is 15% and
for 3” pipe is 2.1%
L2" 192 L
1.1(15 2.1 ) 6.9
100 100
The length of 2” pipe is 17.4 m
and 3” pipe is 174.6 m
140
Final Diagram for E – A’
H-30.1 H-29.1m 25.6m
D
4” 104.6m 3” 137.4m
C B A
H-35.3m
C’ B’ 25.6m
E
4” 4” 3” 2” A’
21.9m 202.7m 17.4m
5”
H-39m
F
To overcome the pressure differences, pressure regulator
should be installed by every risers.
141
142
143
To overcome the pressure differences, pressure regulator
should be installed by every risers.
144
צריך להוסיף את בחינה של גודל צינורות ’ E-Aעבור case2
אשר נדרש לקטרים אחרים 145
Case 2
H-31.2m 4” Hu-25.6
3”
104.6m 41.4 m B
D
42 m3
146
Continue
147
Continue
The pipe selection for the section E-A' for case 1 is as fo
Hu=38m C’ B’ A’
50 m 192m
E 42m3/h 21m3/h
Hu=25.6
148
Continue
149
Continue
2" pipe is too small (6.5 m), on the other hand
3" pipe is too much (2.4 m). Therefore, a
combination of the two pipes is required for E-
C' section. The two pipes which required for E-
C section are:
L 50 L
1.1(43 130 ) 4.7
1,000 1,000
L = 33 m
150
Continue
The design for the section E-A' for case 2 is as
follows:
H=38m B’ A’
C’
E
146m
42m3/h
151
Continue
2" pipe is too small (18.9 m), on the other hand 3"
pipe is too much (6.9m) Therefore, a mix of the
two is required for F-B', section.
L 146 L
1.1(43 130 ) 12.4
1,000 1,000
L = 95
152
Continue:
153