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Computer Arch Chap1
Computer Arch Chap1
&
Organization
Chapter One
Lecture 1
Introduction to Computer
&
Computer Evolution
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A Computer is
A programmable machine. It can execute or run a pre-
recorded list of instructions which follow certain rules (a
program).
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Computer System
• Hardware
• Software
– OS
– Application SW
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What are basic operations of a Computer ?
1 Input operation
2 Processing operation-CPU
3 Storage operation-primary / secondary
4 Output operation
5 Communication operations
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Components of a Computer System
Computer hardware provides the physical mechanisms to
process, store, and input /output data. Includes CPU,
memory, I/O devices.
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1 Hardware- the CPU
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2 Hardware - memory
Memory - Purpose of memory is data storage. Two major
types of memory :
Primary memory - RAM.
Secondary memory - Hard disk.
Memory locations are called words. Words are 8 bits (one byte) in
size, or a multiple of 8.
Common word sizes are 16, 32 and 64 bits.
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Hardware - memory
Memory is commonly measured in multiples of bits and
bytes.
1 bit = 1 binary digit (0 or 1).
1. 1 byte = 8 bits
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4 Hardware - I/O Modules
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5 Hardware - System Bus
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Types of computers
Personal Computer
Microprocessor
Mini computer
Main frame
Super computer
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Types of computers
Supercomputer : An extremely fast computer that can perform
hundreds of millions of instructions per second.
IBM ASCI pic
Mainframe : A powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting
many hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously.
Banks air lines vp2400 pic
Work stations minicomputer : A multi-user computer capable of
supporting from 10 to hundreds of users simultaneously.
Designing , movies , Sun ws pic
Microcomputers personal computer : A small, single-user computer
based on a microprocessor.
Desktop PC
Notebook pc (laptop)
PDAs palmtops
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What are Computer Ports ?
Connection points
Examples
Serial port (Com)
Parallel Port
USB port
Ethernet Port
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Evolution & Performance
History of computers:
Mechanical Era (1600s-1940s)
Wilhelm Schickhard (1623)
Astronomer and mathematician
Automatically add, subtract, multiply, and divide
Blaise Pascal (1642)
Mathematician
Mass produced first working machine (50 copies)
Could only add and subtract
Maintenance and labour problems
Gottfried Liebniz (1673)
Mathematician and inventor
Improved on Pascal’s machine
Add, subtract, multiply, and divide
History of Computers
Charles Babbage (1822)
Mathematician
“Father of modern computer”
Wanted more accuracy in calculations
Difference engine
Government / science agreement
Automatic computation of math tables
Analytic engine
Perform any math operation
Punch cards
Modern structure: I/O, storage, ALU
Add in 1 second, multiply in 1 minute
Both engines plagued by mechanical problems
History of Computers
George Boole (1847)
Mathematical analysis of logic
Investigation of laws of thought
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Components Evolution
Vacuum tube: 1946-1957
Transistor: 1958-1964
Small scale integration: from 1965
Up to 100 devices on a chip
Medium scale integration: to 1971
100 - 3,000 devices on a chip
Large scale integration: 1971-1977
3,000 - 100,000 devices on a chip
Very large scale integration: 1978 -1991
100,000 - 100,000,000 devices on a chip
Ultra large scale integration: 1991 - ?
Over 100,000,000 devices on a chip
Applications
Applications that drive computer performance:
Weather forecasting
Oceanography
Seismic/petroleum exploration
Medical research and diagnosis
Aerodynamics and structure analysis
Nuclear physics
Artificial intelligence
Military
Socio-economics
How do computers work?
Need to understand abstractions such as:
Applications software
Systems software
Assembly language
Machine language
Architectural issues: i.e., caches, virtual
memory, pipelining
Sequential logic, finite state machines
Combinational logic, arithmetic circuits
Boolean logic, 1s and 0s
Transistors used to build logic gates (CMOS)
Semiconductors used to build transistors
Properties of atoms, electrons, and quantum
dynamics