ANOOP.

N
(M.Tech Manufacturing)

(090926017)
 Introduction
 Classification of ceramics
 Properties of ceramics
 Traditional ceramics/Structural ceramics
 Oxide Ceramics -Alumina
 Carbide Ceramics- Silicon carbide, Tungsten

carbide
 In Material Science we often divide materials into distinct
classes. The primary classes of Solid materials are ceramics,
metals, polymers, composites and semiconductors. This
classification is based on the types of atoms involved and the
bonding between them.
 Composites are combinations of more than one material and
often involve ceramics, such as fibreglass.
 Ceramics are the articles prepared by the action of heat and
earthy raw materials
 Brittleness
 Poor electrical and thermal conductivity
 Chemical insensitivity
 Transparent/translucent
 Strength of ceramics- good under compression than in tension
 High melting point
 Structural ceramics
 Functional ceramics
 Glass ceramics
 These are based on silica, clay and alumina
 Clay consists of particles of hydrous aluminum silicate
 Clay Can be molded to any shape and size when mixed with
water
 Silica is available in many forms-Quartz
 Silica is low in cost, hard and chemically stable
 Products include bricks, tiles, cement, toilet bowls, pottery
and glass.
 Wear resistant components such as dies, nozzles and bearings
 Bio ceramics-Glass ceramic implants and dental crowns made
of porcelain
 Whiteware-Sanitary ware, dinner ware, wall tiles
 Porcelain enamel-ceramic coating applied to kitchen
stoves,washers.
 Structural ceramics also include silicon nitride, silicon
carbide, zirconia, boron carbide, and alumina. They are used
in applications such as cutting tools, wear components, heat
exchangers, and engine parts.

 Their relevant properties are high hardness, low density, high-

temperature mechanical strength, corrosion resistance, and
chemical inertness
 Alumina is the most cost effective and widely used material in
the family of engineering ceramics
 Alumina, possesses strong ionic inter atomic bonding giving
rise to its desirable material characteristics.
 Alumina is the strongest of the oxide ceramics
 Its high hardness, excellent dielectric properties, refractoriness
and good thermal properties make it the material of choice for
a wide range of applications
 High purity alumina is usable in both oxidizing and reducing
atmospheres to 1925°C
 Weight loss in vacuum ranges from 10–7 to 10–6 g/cm2.sec over
a temperature range of 1700° to 2000°C.
 It resists attack by all gases except wet fluorine and is resistant
to all common reagents except hydrofluoric acid and
phosphoric acid.
 Hard, wear-resistant
 Excellent dielectric properties
 Resists strong acid and alkali attack at elevated
temperatures
 Good thermal conductivity
 Excellent size and shape capability
 High strength
 Available in purity range from 94% to 99.5% for the most
demanding high temperature applications.
 The major uses of specialty aluminium oxides are in
refractories, ceramics, polishing and abrasive applications
 In lighting, alumina used in sodium vapour lamps
 Aluminium oxide is also used in preparation of coating
suspensions in compact fluorescent lamps.
 Health and medical applications include it as a material in hip
replacements
 It is used in water filters
 Most pre-finished wood flooring now uses aluminium oxide
as a hard protective coating
 Alumina can be grown as a coating on aluminium by
anodising or by plasma electrolytic oxidation
 It is widely used as a coarse or fine abrasive, including as a
much less expensive substitute for industrial diamond
 Many types of sandpaper use aluminium oxide crystals
 As the powdery abrasive mineral aloxite, it is a major
component, along with silica, of the cue tip "chalk" used in
billiards
 Gas laser tubes
 Wear pads
 Seal rings
 High temperature electrical insulators
 High voltage insulators
 Furnace liner tubes
 Thread and wire guides
 Abrasion resistant tubes
 Thermometry sensors
 Silicon Carbide is a Naturally available ceramic usually used
in the manual finishing of metal and wooden components
 It is made of a glass-ceramic bonded Silicon Carbide, with
chemistry that has been optimized for excellent chemical
resistance and high temperature stability
 It is a strong, uniform porous ceramic that has 40-50%
porosity and is available in pore sizes ranging from 3 to 50
microns
 Silicon Carbide is a special order material, with a density of
1.9 g/cc, for more aggressive applications and has a maximum
operating temperature of 1800 F (1000° C) plus excellent
thermal shock resistance
 Good Durability
 Excellent Chemical resistance
 Good Corrosion and wear resistance
 High Toughness
 Hot Gas filtration is a common application for the range of
Silicon Carbide porous ceramic products. They include
components where tightly controlled pore size and porosity is
critical for hot gas filtration in power generation, catalyst
recovery and blowback filter in industrial, petrochemical and
chemical process applications.
 Brake rotors of cars.
 It is mainly used in the form of cemented tungsten carbides
 Today tungsten carbide grains sizes vary from 0.5 microns to
more than 5 micron with a cobalt content that can go up to
around 30% by weight. In addition, adding other carbides can
also vary the final properties.
 The result is a class of materials that are characterised by high
strength, toughness and high hardness
 Straight tungsten carbide
 Alloyed tungsten carbide
 Straight tungsten carbide contains 85-95% finely powered
tungsten carbide and 5-15% cobalt that acts as a bonding
medium.
 The mixture is pressed to desired shape and size and sintered
in hydrogen.
 Before using it as a tool, cemented carbide is ground and
lapped
 Alloyed tungsten carbide has the addition of carbides of
titanium and niobium.
 Titanium carbide reduces the tendency of chip to weld to the
tool, decreases wear of the tool by diffusion and increases its
hot hardness
 The addition of titanium carbide helps to improve resistance
to wear and the structure is very finely grained.
 It can retain acceptable level of hardness upto 1000°C..It can
be operated at a higher cutting speed
 Carbide cutting surfaces are often used for machining through
materials such as carbon or stainless steel
 In the production of inserts.
 Military applications-Tungsten carbide is often used in
armour-piercing ammunition, especially where depleted
uranium is not available or politically unacceptable
 Tungsten carbide ammunition can be of the sabot type (a large
arrow surrounded by a discarding push cylinder)
 Tungsten carbide is also an effective neutron reflector and as
such was used during early investigations into nuclear chain
reactions, particularly for weapons.
 Sports-Hard carbides, especially tungsten carbide, are used by
athletes, generally on poles which impact hard surfaces
 Trekking poles used by hikers
 Sharpened carbide tipped spikes (known as studs) can be
inserted into the drive tracks of snowmobiles .The carbide tips
and segments reduce wear encountered when the snowmobile
must cross roads and other abrasive surfaces.
 Domestic uses -Tungsten carbide is sometimes used as the
rotating ball in the tips of ballpoint pens to disperse ink during
writing.
 Ceramic materials-Science and engineering by C.Barry Carter and
M.Grant Norton
 www.FutureCeramics.com.
 www.acers.org
 www.acers.org/cic/propertiesdb.asp
 www.ceramicsindustry.com
 wikipedia
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