Earthquake

and
Volcanoes
 Mid-Oceaninc Ridge
Transform Plate (Convergent) Subduction
(Convergent)
Source: EGU
Plate Tectonics, Earthquake, and Volcanoes

Pangea

Reconstruction of the
supercontinent Pangaea after
Wegener (1915). The diverse

Source: Frisch, 2011 (in Plate Tectonics)

geological and climatological data
from diff erent continents fit like a
jig-saw puzzle on this
reconstruction. Panthalassa was
the giant ocean that stood opposite
to Pangaea.
Plate Tectonics, Earthquake, and Volcanoes

Plate Tectonics Distribution

Source: Frisch, 2011 (in Plate Tectonics)

Plate Tectonics, Earthquake, and Volcanoes

Plate Tectonic Boundaries in Pacific Plate

Source: Frisch, 2011 (in Plate Tectonics)

Plate Tectonics, Earthquake, and Volcanoes

Plate Tectonic Boundaries in Atlantic Plate

Source: Frisch, 2011 (in Plate Tectonics)

Plate Tectonics, Earthquake, and Volcanoes

Divergent Boundaries (Mid Oceanic Ridge)

Source: Frisch, 2011 (in Plate Tectonics)

Source: Frisch, 2011 (in Plate Tectonics)

Plate Tectonics, Earthquake, and Volcanoes

Hot Spot or Plumes

Schematic cross
section through the mantle.
Mantle plumes generally

Source: Frisch, 2011 (in Plate Tectonics)

initiate at the base of the
mantle within the D” layer.
Heavy parts of subducted
plates sink down to the base
of the mantle to feed the D”
layer. The liquid outer core
generates convection
currents that are in concert
with the mantle. Mid-ocean
ridges have shallow mantle
sources.
Plate Tectonics, Earthquake, and Volcanoes

Hot Spot or Plumes Location

Source: Frisch, 2011 (in Plate Tectonics)

Plate Tectonics, Earthquake, and Volcanoes

Subduction Zone

Source: Frisch, 2011 (in Plate Tectonics)

Plate Tectonics, Earthquake, and Volcanoes

Subduction Zone

Source: Frisch, 2011 (in Plate Tectonics)

Plate Tectonics, Earthquake, and Volcanoes

Subduction Zone

Source: Frisch, 2011 (in Plate Tectonics)

Plate Tectonics, Earthquake, and Volcanoes

Subduction Zone

Source: Frisch, 2011 (in Plate Tectonics)

Plate Tectonics, Earthquake, and Volcanoes

Plate Tectonics, Earthquake, and Volcanoes

Source: Frisch, 2011 (in Plate Tectonics)

We learn geology the morning
after the earthquake