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Wireless Lecture03
Wireless Lecture03
Wireless Lecture03
Pr v
Pt
d=vt
Wireless Propagation Models
Large-scale propagation
Small-scale propagation
Pr/Pt Fast
Pt
Pr v Very slow
d=vt
d=vt
Large-scale propagation model
– Ray-tracing model
– 2-ray propagation model
– Site/terrain specific and can not be generalized easily
– Empirical models
– Modeled over data gathered from experiments
– Extremely specific
– But more accurate in the specific environment
Free space Path Loss Model
Pt
Pr ( d ) 2
d
Free space Path Loss Model (contd.)
Pt Gt Gr 2
Pr (d )
(4 ) d L
2 2
4 Ae
where, G
2
c
and ,
f
Free space Path Loss (contd.)
Tx power Pt
Rx power Pr
– What will be the order of path loss for a FM radio system that
transmits with 100 kW with 50 km range?
– Also calculate: what will be the order of path loss for a Wi-Fi
radio system that transmits with 0.1 W with 100 m range?
Path Loss in dB
x dBm x
3
10
x
10 in W
10
10 in mW x
x
10( 3) in dBW
10
10 10
/ 103 in W x 30 in dBW
x
3
10
10 in W
Back to Path Loss model
d d0
In dBm,
d0
2
Pr (d 0 )
Pr (d ) (dBm ) 10 log d
1mW
P (d ) d
Pr ( d ) ( dBm ) 10 log r 0 20 log 0
1mW d
d
Pr ( d ) ( dBm ) Pr ( d 0 )( dBm ) 20 log 0
d
Numerical example
Partition Losses
Partition Losses
Partition Losses
– Same floor
– Between floors
– Characterized by a new factor called Floor Attenuation Factors (FAF)
– Based on building materials
– FAF mostly empirical (computed over numerous tests)
d
PL(d ) PL(d 0 ) 10nSF log FAF[dB]
d0
– For example,
– FAF through one floor approx. 13 dB
– Two floors 18.7 dB
– Three floors 25 dB and so on…
Cellular Model (signal to interference)
n
d
From the propagation model, Pr ( d ) Pr ( d 0 ) 0
d
Let’s combine today’s concept with last week’s cellular concept
– Let’s find out signal to interference Q: co-channel
Reuse ratio
m co-channel
interferer S S R n ( D / R) n ( 3N ) n
m
m
Ii Di
I n m m
Cell radius R
Co-channel i 1 i 1
interferer distance Di
Pr v
Pt
d=vt
Factors influencing small-scale fading
Multipath propagation
– Interference between two or more versions of the transmitted signal
– Arrive at the receiver at slightly different times