Security Level:

RAN17.1
Ultrafast CS Call Setup

www.huawei.com

Wireless Product Service Department

Author/ Email: Author's name/Author's email

Version: V1.0(20YYMMDD)
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
Objective

 After completing this course, you are supposed to:

 Learn the benefits and application scenarios of Ultrafast CS Call
Setup.
 Learn the specifications of Ultrafast CS Call Setup.
 Learn basic principles of Ultrafast CS Call Setup.
 Be able to configure and verify the Ultrafast CS Call Setup feature
and to install and commission the products related to the feature.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential 3

Contents
 Feature Introduction
 Feature Benefits
 Feature Deployment
 Performance Monitoring
 Application Cases
 Precautions (FAQ)
 Reference Documents & Glossary
 Feature Introduction --- Background
 This feature is part of the UMTS voice experience improvement solution. For details about this feature,
see Ultrafast CS Call Setup Feature Parameter Description.

More and more customers focus on user experience of voice access delay. According to
market surveys, the access delay of UMTS AMR voice services generally ranges from 4s
to 6s, and that of circuit switched fallback (CSFB) services ranges from 6s to 8s. To
improve user experience, the end-to-end access delay of AMR voice services in the
UMTS network needs to be reduced.
The following figure shows the access delay at some sites in the live network. The
access delay varies at different sites and the following figure is only for reference.
Feature Introduction --- Technical Principles
This feature changes serial processing of the called party to parallel processing, thereby
reducing the access delay of the calling party.It provides the following functions:
• Func1:Parallel processing of the Iu interface and Uu interface paging procedures
• Func2:Parallel processing of the Iu interface setup and Uu interface security mode
procedures
• Func3:Parallel processing of the ringing and RAB setup procedures

The access delay of voice services is significantly reduced.

Technical Principles --- Parallel processing of the Iu
and Uu paging procedures (1)
The function of parallel processing of the Iu and Uu paging procedures works as follows:
1. The RNC checks the user information of the called party in the call setup request message from the calling party. If the called party is
in the service area of the local RNC, the RNC performs the second step. If the called party is in the service area of a neighboring
RNC, the local RNC asks the neighboring RNC to perform parallel processing of the paging procedure over the Iur interface.
2. The RNC pages the called party without waiting for a PAGING message from the CN.
3. After receiving the PAGING message from the CN and the PAGING RESPONSE message from the UE, the RNC sends the PAGING
RESPONSE message to the CN.

1. RNC gets called

party information.
2. Initiates Uu paging.

3. RNC waits both PAGING from CN and

PAGING RESPONSE from UE and then
sends PAGING RESPONSE to CN.
Technical Principles --- Parallel processing of the Iu
and Uu paging procedures (2)
The user information table is the prerequisite for the function of parallel processing of the Iu
and Uu paging procedures.
 The RNC records the user information.
 For UE in the service area of the local RNC: MSISDN-RNCID-IMSI-TMSI-LAI
For UE in the service area of a neighboring RNC: MSISDN-RNCID
 The user information is temporarily stored in the RAM and will not be recorded in
any storage devices or logs.
 The user information is updated in the following scenarios:
 TMSI reallocation procedure
 Location update procedure
 A new call is successfully set up.
 The user information is deleted in the following scenarios:
 The UE moves to the service area of another RNC through procedures such as
handover, migration, or DSCR.
 The user information is not updated before the user aging timer expires.
Technical Principles --- Parallel processing of the Iu
setup and Uu security mode procedures
1. After receiving a Sec Mod Cmd message from the CN, the RNC sends the Sec Mod Cmd message
to the UE and responds to the CN with a Sec Mod Cmp message.
2. After receiving a SETUP message from the CN and a Sec Mod Cmp message from the UE, the
RNC transfers the SETUP message to the UE.

For CN, the procedure

doesn’t change at all.

The Setup message is 2. RNC waits both

1. RNC sends “Rnsap Sec Mod “DT(setup)” and “Sec
earlier due to the
Cmp” to CN and at the same Mod Cmp” and then
parallel procedure.
time sends “Sec Mod Cmd” to sends “setup” to UE.
UE.
Technical Principles --- Parallel processing of the
ringing and RAB setup procedures
1. After receiving a SETUP message from the CN, the RNC uses the late assignment function for RAB assignment instead
of the early assignment function.
2. The UE initiates the ringing procedure when receiving a SETUP message.
3. After receiving an RAB assignment message from the CN, the RNC initiates the RB setup procedure over the Uu
interface and sends an RAB Ass Response message and an Alerting message to the CN.

1. Change RAB
assignment mode

3. RNC replies RAB

The Alerting is earlier due to Ass Response and
skipping the RB Setup 2. UE sends
For CN, the procedure alerting to CN when Alerting
procedure. sending RB Setup to
doesn’t change at all. immediately.
UE.
Feature Introduction --- Application
Scenarios
 Typical scenarios
 This feature applies to scenarios where the access delay of voice
services needs to be reduced.
 This feature is not applicable to the following scenarios:
• Parallel processing of the paging procedure is not applicable to
scenarios where the RNC or CN does not support TRFO.
• Parallel processing of the ringing procedure is not applicable to
scenarios where the CN uses the late RAB assignment
function.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential 11

Contents
 Feature Introduction
 Feature Benefits
 Feature Deployment
 Performance Monitoring
 Application Cases
 Precautions (FAQ)
 Reference Documents & Glossary

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential 12

 Feature Benefits and Network Impact
 Feature Benefits
If the proportion of users that perform mutual calling is high on the network served by Huawei RAN equipment, the number of users
enjoying feature gains is large. It is recommended that gains in the access delay be measured through drive tests. Qualitative
observation can be performed on related counters to check the impacts on the network performance.
 The access delay of the calling party is reduced by 100 ms to 1400 ms when both the calling party and called party are on the
network served by Huawei RAN equipment. If the TrFO feature is enabled both on the CN and RNC, and the CN uses the early
assignment function for RAB assignment, the access delay of the calling party is reduced by 800 ms to 1400 ms.
 The access delay of the calling party is reduced by 100 ms to 700 ms when a user on another network (for example, a fixed-line
phone or a UMTS user on a network served by equipment of other vendors) calls a user on a network served by Huawei RAN
equipment.
 The access delay of the called party in CSFB is reduced by 100 ms to 700 ms.
 System Capacity
 None
 Network Impact
 When the network is in the paging congestion state or will be paging congested, parallel processing of the paging procedure may
cause invalid pagings and increases discarded paging messages.
 When the inter-RAT DRD function is enabled on the RNC, the number of inter-RAT DRD attempts may decrease after the parallel
processing of the ringing procedure takes effect.
 After parallel processing of the security mode procedure takes effect, if the security mode procedure fails on the Uu interface but the
Iu interface returns a success message first, the security mode success rate on the CN side is higher than the actual value.
 After parallel processing of the ringing procedure takes effect, if the RB setup procedure fails on the Uu interface but the Iu interface
returns a success message first, the CS RAB setup success rate on the CN side is higher than the actual value.
 After parallel processing of the security or ringing mode procedure takes effect, if a Uu interface procedure fails but the Iu interface
returns a success message first, the number of CS RAB releases on the CN side increases.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential 13

Contents
 Feature Introduction
 Feature Benefits
 Feature Deployment
 Performance Monitoring
 Application Cases
 Precautions (FAQ)
 Reference Documents & Glossary

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential 14

 Feature Deployment --- Prerequisites
 Prerequisite Features
 Func.1(Parallel processing of the paging procedure) is dependent on the WRFD-
011600 TFO/TrFO feature both in RNC and CN.
 Func.3(Parallel processing of the ringing procedure) is dependent on the early
assignment function in CN.
 Mutually Exclusive Features
 None
 Impacted Features
 None
 Dependency on Hardware
 None
 Dependency on Other NEs
 None
 License
 An RNC-level license control item is introduced on the RNC side to control this
feature. (parameter ID of the license: UltraFastCsAccessErl)

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential 15

Feature Deployment --- Deployment
Suggestions and Required Information
 Application scenarios
 This feature is recommended in scenarios where the access delay of voice
services needs to be reduced.
 This feature is not recommended in the following scenarios:
• Parallel processing of the paging procedure is not recommended in the
following scenario: The RNC or CN does not support TrFO.
• Parallel processing of the ringing procedure is not recommended in the
following scenario: The CN uses the late assignment function.
 Expected gains
 The gains of this feature can be evaluated based on traffic statistics,
PCHR, and drive tests. For details, see Ultrafast CS Call Setup Feature
Parameter Description.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential 16

Feature Deployment --- Planning

 Network Planning
 N/A
 RF Planning
 N/A

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential 17

 Feature Deployment --- Data Preparation
For details, see Ultrafast CS Call Setup Feature Parameter Description.
Parameter Name
Paging Procedure Parallel Switch
Paging Procedure Parallel Switch for Iur
State Protection Timer for Procedure
Parallel with Paging
Aging Timer for User Information on
Neighboring RNC
Aging Timer for User Information on Local
RNC
Security Mode Procedure Parallel Switch
Alerting Procedure Parallel Switch
Alerting Procedure Parallel Switch for Low
SRB Rate
RSCP Thld for Alerting Procedure Parallel
Ec/N0 Thld for Alerting Procedure Parallel
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES
Encrypt Switch
Parameter ID
PagingParallelSwitch(UMTS
BSC6900,UMTS BSC6910)
IurPagingParallelSwitch(UMTS
BSC6900,UMTS BSC6910)
PagingParallelTmr(UMTS
BSC6900,UMTS BSC6910)
NRncUsrInfoAgingTmr(UMTS
BSC6900,UMTS BSC6910)
LocRncUsrInfoAgingTmr(UMTS
BSC6900,UMTS BSC6910)
SecModParallelSwitch(UMTS
BSC6900,UMTS BSC6910)
AlertingParallelSwitch(UMTS
BSC6910,UMTS BSC6900)
LowSrbAlertingSwitch(UMTS
BSC6900,UMTS BSC6910)
AlertingParallelRscpThd(UMTS
BSC6900,UMTS BSC6910)
AlertingParallelEcNoThd(UMTS
CO., LTD. BSC6910)Huawei Confidential
BSC6900,UMTS
EncryptSwitch(UMTS BSC6900,UMTS You are advised to use the default value.
Setting Notes Data Source
Determine whether to enable the function Default value/Recommended value
of parallel processing of the paging
procedure based on the information
collected before feature activation.
It is recommended that this parameter be Default value/Recommended value
set to ON when the function of parallel
processing of the paging procedure is
enabled.
The value of this parameter must be Default value/Recommended value
greater than that of the Periodical
location update timer parameter.
Otherwise, the location information of the
UE will soon become aged, and
consequently parallel processing of the
paging procedure cannot be performed for
the UE.
You are advised to use the default value. Default value/Recommended value
You are advised to use the default value. Default value/Recommended value
Determine whether to enable the function Default value/Recommended value
of parallel processing of the security mode
procedure based on the information
collected before feature activation.
Determine whether to enable the function Default value/Recommended value
of parallel processing of the ringing
procedure based on the information
collected before feature activation.
It is recommended that this parameter be Default value/Recommended value
set to ON when the function of parallel
processing of the ringing procedure is
enabled.
You are advised to use the default value. Default value/Recommended value
You are advised to use the default value. Default value/Recommended value
18
Default value/Recommended value
 Feature Deployment --- Activation
Activate the functions in the Ultrafast CS Call Setup feature:
 Enable parallel processing of the paging procedure:
•Run the RNC MML command SET UULTRAFASTCSACCESS with Paging Procedure Paralleling Switch set
to ON to enable parallel processing of the paging procedure on the RNC.
•(Optional) Run the RNC MML command SET UULTRAFASTCSACCESS with Paging Procedure Paralleling
Switch for Iur set to ON to enable parallel processing of the paging procedure on the Iur interface of the RNC.
•(Optional) Run the RNC MML command SET UULTRAFASTCSACCESS with Encrypt Switch set to ON to
enable the user identity to be encrypted.
 Enable parallel processing of the security mode procedure:
•Run the RNC MML command SET UULTRAFASTCSACCESS with Security Mode Procedure Paralleling
Switch set to ON to enable parallel processing of the security mode procedure on the RNC.
 Enable parallel processing of the ringing procedure:
•Run the RNC MML command SET UULTRAFASTCSACCESS with Alerting Procedure Paralleling Switch set
to ON to enable parallel processing of the ringing procedure on the RNC.
•(Optional) Run the RNC MML command SET UULTRAFASTCSACCESS with Alerting Procedure Paralleling
Switch In Low Srb Rate Scene set to ON to enable the function of parallel processing of the ringing procedure
when the SRB rate is 3.4 kbit/s.
 (Optional) Configure parameters for the Ultrafast CS Call Setup feature:
 Set parameters related to the function of parallel processing of the paging procedure:
•Run the RNC MML command SET UULTRAFASTCSACCESS with Key and Confirm Key specified.
•Run the RNC MML command SET UULTRAFASTCSACCESS with Paging Procedure Paralleling State
Protection Timer, Aging Timer for User Information in Local RNC, and Aging Timer for User Information
in Neighboring RNC set to their default values.
 Set parameters related to the function of parallel processing of the ringing procedure:
•Run the RNC MML command SET UULTRAFASTCSACCESS with Alerting Procedure Paralleling Rscp
Threshold set to the default value.
•Run the RNC MML command SET UULTRAFASTCSACCESS with Alerting Procedure Paralleling EcNo
Threshold set to the default value.
For details, see Ultrafast CS Call Setup Feature Parameter Description.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential 19

Feature Deployment --- Activation
Observation
After this feature, if the value of any of the following counters is
not zero, this feature has taken effect:

Counter Name Description

VS.Paging.Parallel.Att Number of Attempts to Initiate the Parallel Paging

Procedure for RNC

VS.Paging.Parallel.Att.Iur Number of Times the RNC Initiates a Paging

Procedure After Receiving a Parallel Paging
Request over Iur Interface

VS.RAB.AttEstabCS.Parallel.Alerting Number of Times the Alerting Procedure Is Initiated

in Parallel with the RAB Setup Procedure for Cell

VS.SecMod.Parallel.Setup.Att Number of Times the Uu Security Mode Procedure

Is Parallel with the Iu Setup

For details, see Ultrafast CS Call Setup Feature Parameter Description.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential 20

 Feature Deployment --- Deactivation
Deactivate the functions in the Ultrafast CS Call Setup feature:
 Disable parallel processing of the paging procedure:
Run the RNC MML command SET UULTRAFASTCSACCESS with
Paging Procedure Paralleling Switch set to OFF to disable parallel
processing of the paging procedure on the RNC.
 Disable parallel processing of the security mode procedure:
Run the RNC MML command SET UULTRAFASTCSACCESS with
Security Mode Procedure Paralleling Switch set to OFF to disable
parallel processing of the security mode procedure on the RNC.
 Disable parallel processing of the ringing procedure:
Run the RNC MML command SET UULTRAFASTCSACCESS with
Alerting Procedure Paralleling Switch set to OFF to disable parallel
processing of the ringing procedure on the RNC.
For details, see Ultrafast CS Call Setup Feature Parameter Description.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential 21

Feature Deployment --- Troubleshooting

 None

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential 22

Contents
 Feature Introduction
 Feature Benefits
 Feature Deployment
 Performance Monitoring
 Application Cases
 Precautions (FAQ)
 Reference Documents & Glossary

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential 23

 Performance Monitoring --- New Counters
Change Type Counter NE Description
New BSC6900
VS.Paging.Parallel.Att Number of Attempts to Initiate the Parallel Paging Procedure for RNC
BSC6910
New BSC6900
VS.Paging.Parallel.Succ Number of Times the Parallel Paging Procedure Is Successfully Initiated for RNC
BSC6910
New BSC6900
VS.Paging.Parallel.Invalid Number of Times the Parallel Paging Procedure Fails to Be Initiated for RNC
BSC6910
New BSC6900
VS.Paging.Parallel.Request.Iur Number of Parallel Paging Procedure Requests Received by an RNC over the Iur Interface
BSC6910
New BSC6900 Number of Times the RNC Initiates a Paging Procedure After Receiving a Parallel Paging
VS.Paging.Parallel.Att.Iur
BSC6910 Request over Iur Interface
New BSC6900 Number of Times the Alerting Procedure Is Initiated in Parallel with the RAB Setup Procedure
VS.RAB.AttEstabCS.Parallel.Alerting
BSC6910 for Cell
New BSC6900 Number of Times the Alerting Procedure Is Successfully Initiated in Parallel with the RAB
VS.RAB.SuccEstabCS.Parallel.Alerting
BSC6910 Setup Procedure for Cell
New BSC6900 Average Access Delay of the Calling Party for AMR-NB Services When the Called Party Uses
VS.OrigCall.EstabMeanTime.AMRNB.UltraFastCSAccess BSC6910 Ultrafast CS Call Setup for Cell

New BSC6900
Average Access Delay of the Calling Party for AMR-WB Services When the Called Party Uses
VS.OrigCall.EstabMeanTime.AMRWB.UltraFastCSAccess BSC6910 Ultrafast CS Call Setup for Cell

New BSC6900
VS.TermCall.EstabMeanTime.AMRNB Average Access Delay of AMR-NB Services Initiated by the Called Party for Cell
BSC6910
New BSC6900
VS.TermCall.EstabMeanTime.AMRWB Average Access Delay of AMR-WB Services Initiated by the Called Party for Cell
BSC6910
New BSC6900
BSC6910 Average Access Delay of the Calling Party for AMR-NB Services When the Calling Party and
VS.OrigCall.EstabMeanTime.AMRNB.IntraVendor
Called Party Are Both Under Huawei RNCs for Cell

New BSC6900
BSC6910 Average Access Delay of the Calling Party for AMR-WB Services When the Calling Party and
VS.OrigCall.EstabMeanTime.AMRWB.IntraVendor
Called Party Are Both Under Huawei RNCs for Cell

New BSC6900 Average Value of the Smaller of the Delay in the Uu Security Mode and Iu Setup Procedures
VS.UuSecMod.IuSetup.MinDelay
BSC6910 for Cell
New BSC6900
VS.RAB.EstabCS.MeanTime Average Delay of CS RAB Setups for Cell
BSC6910
New BSC6900
VS.SecMod.Parallel.Setup.Att Number of Times the Uu Security Mode Procedure Is Parallel with the Iu Setup
BSC6910
New BSC6900 Number of Times the Uu Security Mode Procedure Is Successfully Initiated in Parallel with the
VS.SecMod.Parallel.Setup.Succ
BSC6910 Iu Setup Procedure for Cell
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential 24
Performance Monitoring --- Performance
Evaluation
 Access delay of the calling party
 If the TrFO function has been enabled on the CN and RNC, set the CallEstTimePfmSwitch parameter
to ON to activate the following counters.
Counter Name Description
VS.OrigCall.EstabMeanTime.AMRWB.IntraVendor Average Access Delay of the Calling Party for AMR-
WB Services When the Calling Party and Called Party
Are Both Under Huawei RNCs for Cell
VS.OrigCall.EstabMeanTime.AMRNB.IntraVendor Average Access Delay of the Calling Party for AMR-
NB Services When the Calling Party and Called Party
Are Both Under Huawei RNCs for Cell

 If the TrFO function is enabled in both the CN and RAN, roughly measure the delay of the users for
whom the feature has taken effect according to the following counters:

Counter Name Description

VS.OrigCall.EstabMeanTime.AMRWB.UltraFastCSAcc
ess
VS.OrigCall.EstabMeanTime.AMRNB.UltraFastCSAcc
ess
Average Access Delay of the Calling Party for AMR-
WB Services When the Called Party Uses Ultrafast CS
Call Setup for Cell
Average Access Delay of the Calling Party for AMR-
NB Services When the Called Party Uses Ultrafast CS
Call Setup for Cell

 Access delay of the called party

Counter Name Description

VS.TermCall.EstabMeanTime.AMRNB Average Access Delay of AMR-NB Services Initiated
by the Called Party for Cell
VS.TermCall.EstabMeanTime.AMRWB Average Access Delay of AMR-WB Services Initiated
by the Called Party for Cell
For details, see Ultrafast CS Call Setup Feature Parameter Description.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential 25

Performance Monitoring --- Parameter
Optimization
The following table provides optimization suggestions for
counters that may need to be optimized.
Counter Optimization Suggestion
VS.Paging.Parallel.Att/VS.Paging.Parallel.Succ Set the PagingParallelTmr(UMTS BSC6900,UMTS
(Success rate of the function of parallel processing of BSC6910) parameter to a larger value when the
the paging procedure) value of this counter is too small.

VS.Paging.Parallel.Att (Number of attempts to use Set the LocRncUsrInfoAgingTmr(UMTS

the function of parallel processing of the paging BSC6900,UMTS BSC6910) parameter to a larger
procedure) value when the value of this counter is too small.

VS.Paging.Parallel.Invalid (Number of times the Set the LocRncUsrInfoAgingTmr(UMTS

function of parallel processing of the paging BSC6900,UMTS BSC6910) parameter to a smaller
procedure fails to take effect) value and this smaller value must be greater than
that of the Periodical location update timer
parameter when the value of this counter is too large.

VS.Paging.Parallel.Request.Iur (Number of parallel Set the NRncUsrInfoAgingTmr(UMTS

paging procedure requests received by an RNC over BSC6900,UMTS BSC6910) parameter to a larger
the Iur interface) value when the value of this counter is too small.

VS.RAB.AttEstabCS.Parallel.Alerting/VS.RAB.SuccE Set the AlertingParallelRscpThd(UMTS

stabCS.Parallel.Alerting (Success rate of the function BSC6900,UMTS BSC6910) and
of parallel processing of the ringing procedure) AlertingParallelEcNoThd(UMTS BSC6900,UMTS
BSC6910) parameters to larger values when the
value of this counter is too small.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential 26

Contents
 Feature Introduction
 Feature Benefits
 Feature Deployment
 Performance Monitoring
 Application Cases
 Precautions (FAQ)
 Reference Documents & Glossary

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential 27

Application Cases
1、The Beta test result（Average result for each operater）：
Call setup time Call setup time
Operater Gain Note
Feature off Feature on
T(TRFO_ON) 6100 5000 1100
Call setup time from
K(TRFO_ON) 5650 5200 450 the originating user.
C(TRFO_ON) 4900 4200 700

Call setup time from

L（TRFO_OFF） 2120 1370 750
the terminating user.

2、The road test result in C country（One user）：

4000 Gain：1305ms

3000

2000

1000

0
OFF ON

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential 28

Contents
 Feature Introduction
 Feature Benefits
 Feature Deployment
 Performance Monitoring
 Application Cases
 Precautions (FAQ)
 Reference Documents & Glossary

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential 29

Precautions

 None

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential 30

Contents
 Feature Introduction
 Feature Benefits
 Feature Deployment
 Performance Monitoring
 Application Cases
 Precautions (FAQ)
 Reference Documents & Glossary

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential 31

Reference Documents

 RAN17.1 Ultrafast CS Call Setup Feature Parameter

Description
 RAN17.1 Ultrafast CS Call Setup Feature Design
Specifications

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential 32

Glossary
 None

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential 33

 Thank you
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Copyright©2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

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etc. There are a number of factors that could cause actual results and developments to differ materially
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