Beyond 3G v.

s 4G

Yean-Fu Wen
2002/06/06
 Outline

• Introduction
• The “When” and “Why” of “Beyond 3G”
• The ”What” of “Beyond 3G”
• Technology Issues
• Visions of 4G
• 4G research topics
• 4G Research challenges
• 電信國家型計畫— B3G 前瞻性規劃
 Introduction
•Evolution of cellular systems

GSM GPRS, EDGE UMTS

 Introduction
•Today’s mobile cellular communication scenario
 Introduction

• Provide high-speed access to information regardless

of location.
 Introduction

• Several major technological transitions occu

rred between 1G3G ：
– High volume speech services to high volume/
high speed data services;
– Only circuit mode to circuit+packet mode tran
smission;
– Isolated networks to interworking between net
works.
 Introduction

• 3G is “to provide multimedia multirate mobile co

mmunications anytime and anywhere’
meet with cellular mobile radio only
• 3G Services
– Send/receive e-mail
– Internet browsing (information)
– On-line transactions (e-business)
– Location-dependent information
– Company database access
– Large-file transfer;
 Introduction

• Convergence of
the Internet and
mobile
communication
system will offer
ubiquitous
connectivity to
IP services.
 Introduction

• Limitations of 3G
– Extension to higher data rates is difficult with
CDMA due to excessive interference between
services.
– It is difficult to provide a full range of multirate
services not a fully integrated system.
 Introduction

• Whether the new system should be fully stand

ardized. different ethics, culture and value
• Spectrum refarming between broadcast and c
ellular communication services must be consi
dered
• Policies need to be drawn up for accounting a
nd billing of service provided over a variety of
access networks.
 Introduction

• Key drivers to B3G or 4G

– A multitude of diverse devices
– Predominance of machine-to-machine communication
s
– Location-dependent and e-business application
– The extension of IP protocols to mobility and range of
QoS
– Privacy and security
– Dynamic networking and air-interfaces
– Improved and dynamic spectrum usage.
 The “When” and “Why” of
“Beyond 3G”

• The standardization, introduction and

evolution of GSM and UMTS have clearly
shown 10 years for each new generation
technology
• UMTS is being introduced at the same time
as GSM/EDGE are continuing to progress
• Progressive introduction of EDGE and
UMTS, and addition of packet mode
transmission
 The “When” and “Why” of
“Beyond 3G”

• All these advances have resulted from the

“network centric” and “technology centric”
approaches adopted by the cellular industry. fig
– The time has come to start looking “Beyond 3G”
– The technology and service perspectives of 4G and
regulatory aspects
– The “network centric” evolution should be
complemented by a “user centric service
implementation” scenario.
The “When” and “Why” of
“Beyond 3G”
 The ”What” of “Beyond 3G”

• Current seamless “person to person”

communication and access to voice, data
and some multimedia services.
• Future
– Extend “person to person” to include “person
to machine” and “machine to machine”
next page show ”appliance to appliance”
– Availability of intelligent spaces PAN of
intelligent appliances.
 The ”What” of “Beyond 3G”

•Residential environment •Conference room

application
 The ”What” of “Beyond 3G”

• Future (cont.)
– Ubiquitous connectivity to real-time and transactional
services, multimedia services.
– Wireless access to location-based and context-related
information for work and leisure.
• It is called B3G, not 4G, why?
– 繼續仰賴 3G 標準組織（ UMTS ）已發展的多項新定
標準加以延伸，如 All-IP core network ， OSA （ Ope
n Service Architecture ）及 IPv6
– 必須滿足整體系統架構足以由 3G 系統演進到未來 B3
G 架構的需求 ( 蔡志宏 )
 The ”What” of “Beyond 3G”

• Technologies:
– Direct Audio Broadcasting (DAB) and Digital Video
Broadcasting (DVB) for wide area broadcasting.
– GSM, CDMA1, IS-136 and WCDMA fore wide area
cellular networks
– Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS) and
Microwave Multipoint Distribution System (MMDS) for
fixed wireless access.
– IEEE 802.11, 11b, 11a and HIPERLAN2 for WLAN
– Bluetooth for short range communications and PAN
implementation.
All technologies access Internet services
 The ”What” of “Beyond 3G”

Range of operation of different wireless technologies

 The ”What” of “Beyond 3G”

• B3G solutions in this varied environment m

ust provide:
– Ubiquitous connectivity of/for slow and fast m
oving users
– Based on a common “Internet Protocol (IP) co
re network” interworking with multiple access
network for broadcast, wide area cellular and
short range communications.
– “Network centric” and “user centric” view shou
ld be duly considered.
 Technology Issues

• Protocol mechanisms have to be designed to allow

ad hoc networking between appliances with varyin
g capabilities.
• The advantage of mobility offered by wireless is so
mewhat circumvented by additional security probl
ems
• Implementation of horizontal handover and vertic
al handover is essential to provide seamless connec
tivity for multi-mode mobile appliances. QoS
 Technology Issues

• IP protocols will need to be enhanced to

meet expectations of wireless system
designers.
• It is difficult to manage the interaction
between the mechanisms for radio resource
management scalability problems
• To develop cost-effective radio technologies
in these frequency bands.
 Technology Issues

• Need for flexible, simple to extend, multi-

platform software architectures.
System- and application-related
considerations, and the middleware of
“user” appliances all contribute to the
complexity of this problem.
• Efficient and cost-effective solutions
for power generation in portable
appliances are essential.
 Visions of 4G

• 4G will extend to an all-IP network (access+core) t

hat integrates broadcast, cellular, cordless, WLAN
, short-range systems and fixed wire
• The vision is of integration across these network--
air interfaces and of a variety of radio environmen
ts on a common, flexible and expandable platform
—a ‘network of networks’ with distinctive radio a
ccess connected to a seamless IP-based core netwo
rk
 Visions of 4G
•Seamless connection of networks

Source: http://www.ntpo.nsc.gov.tw/project_inf/letter34/b2.html
 Visions of 4G

• Vision of 4G for 2010 based around 5 eleme

nts:
– Fully converged services
– Ubiquitous mobile access
– Diverse user devices
– Autonomous networks
– Software dependency
 Visions of 4G

• the functions contained:

– A connection layer between the radio access and the
IP core including mobility management
– Internetworking between access schemes —inter and
intra system, handover, QoS negotiations, security an
d mobility
– Ability to interface with a range of new and existing ra
dio interfaces.
need to provide global roaming across all layers
 Visions of 4G

• Need to provide global roaming access all layers

Visions of 4G
 4G research topics

• Networks and services

– Evolved IP protocols for mobile systems
– Ad hoc networking
– Resource management for multimedia mobile
systems
– Mobility management in all-IP networks
– Network dimensioning for multimedia, multirat
e systems
 4G research topics

• Software based system

– Mobile middleware to support resource
management, reconfiguration and service
demands
– Software networks and radio
– Software agents
– Distributed mobile management systems
– Integrity and security mechanisms.
 4G research topics

• Wireless access
– Flexible and reconfigurable radio
architectures
– Self planning and dynamically reconfigurable
access
– Intelligent and co-operative capacity
enhancement
– Dynamic spectrum allocation
– Resource metric estimation
– HAPS and satellite integration.
 4G Research challenges

• Networks and services

– Both vertical and horizontal handover between differe
nt access schemes will be available to provide seamle
ss service and QoS
– Network reconfigurability
• Protocol stacks
• Programmability of network nodes
• Base stations
• Terminals
distributed reconfiguration control
Need a middleware layer
 4G Research challenges
•Internal & External reconfiguration
 4G Research challenges

•Networks and services

 4G Research challenges

• Software systems
– Naming, addressing and location
– Web service model (XML)
• IBM, Microsoft
– Killer application PMA (Personal Mobile Ass
istant ) mobility
– Distributed management tools
 4G Research challenges

• Wireless access
– Different radio environments
– Adaptive reconfigurability—algorithms
– Spectral efficiency—air interface design and a
llocation of bandwidth
– Environment coverage—all pervasive
– Software—for the radio and the network acce
ss
– Technology—embedded/wearable/low-power/
high communication time/displays
 Conclusion

PS. B3G or 4G Vision is a living document

 Reference

• V. Kumar, “Wireless Communications ‘Beyond 3G’

”, Alcatel Telecommunications Review-1” Quarter 2
001, pp. 28-32
• Raymond Steele, “Beyond 3G”, IEEE, 2000, pp. 1-7
• Evans, B.G.; Baughan, K.“Visions of 4G”
Electronics & Communication Engineering Jou
rnal , Volume: 12 Issue: 6 , Dec. 2000
pp. 293 -303
• http://www.ntpo.nsc.gov.tw/B3G/B3G_0.htm
 電信國家型計畫

• 於九十年七月完成 B3G 規劃報告，針對無

線接取網路、行動核心網路、網路應用與
服務、元件技術開發、標準活動等各個技
術分項提出值得研究的研究議題。
• 無線接取網路
– 約略可劃分成個人區域網路 (Wireless Persona
l Area Network, WPAN) 、無線區域網路 (Wirel
ess Local Area Networks, WLAN) 、行動通訊
接取系統、衛星接取系統及數位廣播 / 固定接
取 (fixed access) 系統等。
 電信國家型計畫

– 如何整合現有之無線接取網路並設計具高頻譜
效率、高傳輸速率之新型接取系統是未來建構
B3G 系統之重要課題。
– 設計一全能、具高頻譜效率且在各種傳播環境
皆能有效運作的接取系統 ( 含微、小、大、巨
細胞及低、高移動速率傳播環境 )  不可行
– 異質多接取網路整合技術
• (1) 異質多接取網路架構與無線資源管理，
• (2) 軟體無線電手機及基地台設計技術
• (3) Ad Hoc 網路技術。
 電信國家型計畫

– 前瞻性接取系統技術
• 可調式多載波 /CDMA/OFDM 技術 (adaptive multic
arrier/ CDMA/ Orthogonal Frequency Division Multi
plexing) ，
• 前瞻性編解碼技術含渦輪碼 (turbo codes) 、時空碼
(space-time codes) 、 Redundant Residue Number
System (RRNS) Codes 等，
• 智慧型天線及多用戶檢測技術，脈衝無線電技術，
用戶定位技術，前瞻性 CDMA 展頻碼技術，近身網
路技術 (Body Area Network, BNA) ，鏈路調適技術
(link adaptation) 及空中平台技術 (High-Altitude Plat
form Stations, HAPS) 等。
 電信國家型計畫

• 行動核心網路（ Mobile Core Networks ）

– 將所有服務和應用整合的單一個系統可節省一筆可觀投
資和維護的支出。
– IP 協定 (IPv6) 以及無線系統特性之整合。
 電信國家型計畫

• 網路應用與服務 (Network Applications an

d Services)
– 使用者可以依照其喜好及需求，以及在可適應
其個人所處情境特性之技術協助下，在業者所
提供的 B3G 行動通訊系統的服務與應用組合中
，選擇或自動設定所需要的服務。
– 定位服務或位置相關資訊服務，以及單一窗口
的特性，享有以 IP 為基礎，並具有單一號碼，
單一帳目，透明化服務計費等個人化服務之便
利性。
 電信國家型計畫

• 元件技術開發 (B3G Related Components)

– B3G 系統所會用到的相關關鍵性零組件，如天
線、射頻電路、及中、基頻電路等。
– 在未來寬頻的通訊系統中，無線傳輸所擔任的
角色有很大的部份是在最後一哩的接續 (last mi
le access) ，而傳輸的主幹為光纖網路。尤其
在 DWDM 10-40 Gbps 的光纖網路傳輸下，光
通訊與無線通訊之間的介面轉換相關元件的開
發
 電信國家型計畫

• 標準活動 (B3G Standard Activities)

– 以創意、技術的累積保持競爭力領先。
– 競爭力領先往往表現於專利內容與數量以及國
際標準的制訂上
 B3G 無線區域網路的涵蓋規劃、干擾
量測與效能評估
(Coverage Planning, Interference Measurement and
Performance Evaluation of Wireless LANs as B3G Radio
Access Networks)

研究規劃書

中華民國九十一年五月
 壹、緣起

 無線區域網路 IEEE 802.11Wireless LAN 是目前能夠提供

B3G 作快速傳輸接取的無線接取網路系統 。
• 無需建設基礎建設，可馬上提供快速無線上網的服務。

• 透過行動通訊系統的基地台與其骨幹網路相連接，可
提供無遠弗屆的高速無線上網服務。
 實際建置無線區域網路時，許多影響其效能的重要因素並
不清楚或未加以考慮 ，例如干擾、電波傳播特性等。廠商
在佈建無線區域網路常常是在建置完後才發現效能不符合預
期，然後採用 Try-and-err 的方式加以改善。
 壹、緣起

 在無線區域網路正在全球急速增長之際，如果能設計
出一套建置無線區域網路的 Design/Deployment Rule or G
uidelines ，將是在此一領域的重大貢獻，對國內無線區域
網路之建置與應用亦有很大助益。
 本規劃案將鼓勵國內研究團隊針對此重要議題作先期
研究，進而引領國內在此領域做更多、更深入研究。
貳、建議研究內容 貳、建議研究內容
 評估分析 IEEE 802.11b 無線接取點之佈置與其對系
統網路效能的影響。
• 依據不同環境，分析無線接取點在每個環境中
最佳的安放位置，以使整個系統的 Throughput 及
延遲等效能發揮到最佳化。
 研究移動速度對 IEEE 802.11b 無線區域網路系統的
效能影響。
•分析使用者在不同的移動速度之下，對網路的延
遲、封包的遺失率及 Throughput 等的影響。 Hando
ff 機制所花的時間與在此時間封包延遲或遺失的
行為。
 貳、建議研究內容
 研究 IEEE 802.11b 與同使用 2.4GHz ISM 頻帶之家電
產品或系統共存的問題，分析其對網路效能產生的影響。

 研究系統參數差異對 IEEE 802.11b 無線區域網路系

統的效能影響。
• 傳輸功率及 RTS/CTS_threshold 值等，進而分析
出其對網路的延遲、封包的遺失率及 Throughput 等
的影響，以評估在不同環境中，最佳的系統參數，
提高整個系統的效能。
 參、希望成果
 完成架設不同環境下的 IEEE 802.11b 無線區域網路的實驗
系統平台及模擬平台。
 分析不同環境下，最適合的無線接取點的佈置及單位無線
接取點合適的使用者數目，以使 IEEE 802.11b 系統能夠提供
最佳的網路效能，並分析當發生頻譜重疊及使用者移動速度
不同時對系統效能的影響。
 評估不同環境下，最合適的系統參數值，使得 IEEE 802.
11b 系統能夠在不同環境中提供最佳的網路效能。
 探討 IEEE 802.11b 與同使用 2.4GHz ISM 頻帶之家電產品
或藍芽技術共存的問題，提出適當解決技術以降低此共存干
擾對網路效能所造成的影響。
 提出 IEEE 802.11b 建置及使用準則 .