Probability distribution

Meaning
Uses
types
Assumptions
Properties
Applications (group
10)
Probability distribution
Distribution which are not obtained by actual
observations or experiments but are mathematically
deduced under certain assumptions.
Uses of Probability distribution
Useful in analyzing the nature of given
distribution under certain assumption
 useful for making logical decisions
Helps in comparison of actual and
expected frequencies
Helps in making predictions, projection
and forecasting.
Useful in making important decision
regarding quality control.
 Type of probability distribution

Discrete probability distribution Continuous probability distribution

Binomial distribution Poisson distribution Normal distribution

Binominal distribution
Discovered by a Swiss Mathematician
James Bernoulli.
It is used in a situation where an
experiment results in two possibilities-
success and failure
Definition
It is a discrete probability distribution which
expresses the probability of one set of two
alternatives- success( p) and failure(q)
P(X=x)=ncx .qn-x.px
P= probability of success, q= probability of
failure, n= number of trials
P(X=x) = probability of x success in n trials
Assumptions to apply Binomial
distribution
Finite number of trials-no. of trials are
countable
Mutually exclusive outcomes-two out
comes- success or failure
Probability of success in each trial is
constant- probability of success in different
trials doesn’t change
Trials are independent-outcome of any trial
doesn’t affect the outcomes of subsequent trials.
Properties of Binomial distribution
Theoretical frequency distribution-with the
help of this distribution, we can obtain the
theoretical frequencies by multiplying the
probability of success by total number(N)
Discrete probability distribution-the
number of successes are given in whole
numbers
Line graph-we can graphically present it
Properties (contd……….)
Shape of binomial distribution
If p=q=1/2
When p≠ q ≠1/2
Main parameters-two main parameters n and p
Constants of binomial distribution

Mean= np
Variance2= npq
S.D.= √npq
Applications of binomial distribution
a. Application of Binomial Formula
b. To find n, p and q from mean and
variance
c. To find mean and variance when n, p
and q are given
d. Fitting of Binomial Distribution formula
Application of Binomial Distribution
Formula
When we are given the probability of
occurrence of an event relating to a
problem, i.e. the value of p and q, then we
can find the probability of happening of
the event exactly x times out of n trials by
using the formula
P(X=x)=ncx .qn-x.px
Take an example…….
A fair coin is tossed thrice. Find the
probability of getting:
i. Exactly 2 heads
ii. At least 2 heads
iii. At the most 2 heads
To find n, p, and q from mean and
variance
When we are given mean(x) and variance
or S.D> of the binomial distribution, then
we can find out n, p, and q. by using
following formulas
Mean= np
Variance2= npq
S.D.= √npq
Let’s take an example…….
The mean of binomial
distribution is 20 and S.D.
is 4. find n, p, q ????
To find mean and variance when n, p, q
are given
By using the same formulas
Mean= np
Variance2= npq
S.D.= √npq
We can calculate n, p, and q also.
Take the example……
Find the mean and S.D.
of the number of heads
in 100 tosses of a fair
coin?????
Fitting the binomial distribution
i. Determine the value of p and q from the
given information.
ii. Note the value of N and n (n is no. of trials,
N is total no of trials in all experiments)
iii. Find the probability of all possible number
of successes coming out of a given
experiment
iv. Multiply these probabilities by N and the
result will be required expected frequencies.
Take the example…
Four coins were tosses 160 times and
following results were obtained:

No. of 0 1 2 3 4
heads
Frequenc 17 52 54 31 6
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