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Examination of Body Fluids Urinalysis
Examination of Body Fluids Urinalysis
Collection
Ms. Sneha Sehrawat
• Health is a state in which the individual
has complete health in all dimensions
including his physical, mental, social and
spiritual. When a child or an individual is
not healthy, the disease occurs and these
diseases may present with certain clinical
manifestations. In order for the diagnosis
of a particular disease, the clinical
manifestation of the disease does not give
the complete picture.
We need to perform certain diagnostic
measures for the confirmation. For these
diagnostic measures, certain may require
collection of specimen from our body. This
specimen that is collected may be blood,
sputum, stool or feces. In-order to make
sure that the diagnostic measures are
accurate, certain guidelines has to be
followed, certain protection measures have
to be taken. So the collection of urine
specimen is dealt in detail in this.
COLLECTION OF URINE SPECIMEN
Random Specimen :
Chemical Changes
pH - Increased or decreased
Glucose - decreased
Ketones - decreased
Bilirubin - decreased
Urobilinogen - decreased
Nitrite - increased or decreased
Potential Changes in
Unpreserved Urine
Microscopic Changes
RBC, WBC, Casts
*decreased due to disintegration
especially in alkaline urine
Bacteria
*increased due to bacterial proliferation
Urine Examination
Preservatives
Most preservatives prevent bacterial
growth and loss of glucose
(eg. formalin)
No preservatives can prevent destruction
of bilirubin, urobilinogen or occult blood.
Urine Examination
• Physical Examination
• Chemical Examination
• Microscopic Examination
Urine - Physical
Examination
• Colour - urochrome, urobilin, uroerythrin
• Clarity
Clear
Slightly cloudy
Cloudy
Turbid
• Odour
Physical Tests
• Color
Normal color range
from straw, pale
yellow, to amber.
Abnormal color:
red - RBCs
beer-brown - bilirubin
orange, blue, green
- drug, dye or food
Urine color changes with
commonly used drugs
• Alcohol • Pale
• Desferal • Red
• Paraflex (muscle relaxant) • Red
• L-dopa (for parkinsonism) • Red then brown
• Flagyl • Reddish brown
• Nitrofurantoin • Brown-yellow
• Riboflavin • Bright yellow
Physical Tests
• Turbidity
Normal is essentially
clear.
Cloudy urine:
amorphous salts
- non pathologic
bacteria, blood cells
- pathologic
Chemical Examination
Urinalysis - Analysis
technique
Urinalysis
Physical examinations
Volume - average of 1.0 to 1.5L of urine
excreted per day
Amount excreted is an indicator for diuretic
disorder
Polyuria: More than 2000ml urine/day
Oliguria: Less than 500ml urine/day
Anuria : Less than 200ml urine/day
Dysuria: No urinary excretion
Instrumentation
Dipstick - Care and
Storage
• Store in original container
• Do not expose to light, heat and moisture
• If there is any colour change, discard
• Do not use pass expiration date.
• Store at manufacturer recommended
temperatures
Dipstick – Testing
Shortfall
Report
slide preparation
writing report microscopy