BLOOD VESSEL DETECTION FOR EARLY

DIAGNOSIS OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND

COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
INSTITUTE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND
RESEARCH

PRESENTED BY:
AISHWARYA KAR
REGD NO – 1391082004
DUAL DEGREE ENGINEERING (DDE)
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING (ECE)
 INTRODUCTION
What is diabetic retinopathy?
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a severe diabetic eye disease, which occurs
mainly due to the damage of the blood vessels of the retina and is the most
common cause of blindness.

Causes: -
Occurs when persistent high levels of blood glucose causes leaks or blockages
in small blood vessels that provide the retina with constant supply of blood.
This damages the retina and stops it from working , thus affecting vision.

Symptoms:-

Sudden changes in vision / blurred vision

Eye floaters or spots

Double vision

Eye pain
 OBJECTIVE

•Automatic detection of blood vessels and its characteristics of retinal image

has most important role in medical diagnoses. The vascular changes occur in
retinal blood vessels of retinal image is important for diagnosis or evaluation
of diseases such as diabetic retinopathy .
•In this project work I will use a novel methodology to detect blood vessels
for an early diagnosis of diabetes and will compare the performance with
existing schemes.

.
 CLASSIFICATION OF DIFFERENT STAGES OF
DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
 Why do we classify Diabetic Retinopathy into different stages?
In order of the detection and quantification of blood vessels present in retinal
image.

Stages of Diabetic Retinopathy

1) Non proliferative diabetic retinopathy(NPDR)

• Diabetic retinopathy occurring without the growth of unhealthy blood vessels
(new vessels)
• It is the early stage of the disease in which symptoms will be mild.
• In nonproliferative retinopathy, a slight deterioration in the small blood
vessels of the retina, portions of the vessels may swell and leak fluid into the
surrounding retinal tissue.
• Blood capillaries of retina are weakened and microscopic leaks are formed in
these vessels. Leakage causes retina to swell, which interferes with normal
vision.
2) Proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR)
• Proliferative means diabeticic retinopathy occurring when the breakdown
of retinal blood vessels leads to the growth of new, unhealthy blood vessels
• It is the more advanced form of disease.
• In many cases when the small blood vessels close down, new, unhealthy
blood vessels grow. These unhealthy blood vessels are not able to feed the
retina, depriving the retina of oxygen. As a result unwanted new blood
vessels grow inside the retina.
• The unwanted blood vessels can grow on the back of the vitreous. vessels
may also bleed into the vitreous. This bleeding may cause dark spots
(floaters) or clouded vision.

Fig 1: non proliferative stage Fig 2: proliferative stage

Courtesy: National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health

Fig3: Non proliferative DR Fig4: Proliferative DR
Courtesy : newhealthguide.org
 EFFECTS OF DISEASES ON BLOOD VESSELS

Central Retinal Artery Occlusion (CRAO)

Patients with central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) complain of visual loss over the
entire field of vision. The lack of oxygen delivery to the retina during the blockage may
result in severe loss of vision and leads to narrowing of blood vessels

Results in
narrowing blood
vessels.

Fig5: Non proliferative DR

Courtesy : American Academy of Opthalmology
 EFFECTS OF DISEASES ON BLOOD VESSELS
Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion (BRAO)
Branch retinal artery occlusion describes decreased arterial blood flow to the retina
leading to ischemic damage. The severity of visual loss depends upon the area of retinal
tissue affected by the vascular occlusion.

Where artery
branch points are
occluded or
blocked

Fig6:Figure describing Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion (BRAO)

Courtesy : American Academy of Opthalmology
 LITERATURE SURVEY
Sl.No Authors Name Journal/ Year Findings
Paper Name Conference
Name

1. Saumitra Kumar 2015 IEEE 2015 Presented a new automatic

Kuri, 2nd analysis to extract blood vessels
“Automatic International with high accuracy. their
Diabetic Conference on algorithm comprised of Gabor
Retinopathy Recent Trends filter with local entropy
Detection Using in Information thresholding for vessels
Gabor Filter Systems extraction under various normal
with Local (ReTIS) or abnormal conditions.
Entropy The frequency and orientation of
Thresholding” Gabor filter are tuned to match
that of a part of blood vessels to
be enhanced in a green channel
image.

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 LITERATURE SURVEY CONT..
Sl.No Authors Name/ Journal/ Year Findings
Paper Name Conference
Name

2. Amiya Halder et.al IEEE ICCSP 2015 Introduced a new

“An Application of 2015 method for the
Bottom Hat conference extraction of retinal
Transformation blood vessels in
to Extract Blood retinal fundus images
Vessel from Retinal which will be useful
Images” to eye
specialists in their
visual examination of
retina and will
definitely
improve automatic
retinal images
analysis.
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 LITERATURE SURVEY CONT..
Sl.No Authors Name/ Journal/ Year Findings
Paper Name Conference
Name

3. Surbhi Sangwan, 2015 2015 presented different eye

et.al“Identification International diseases like Diabetic
of Different Stages Conference on Retinopathy, Catract and
of Diabetic Computer and Glaucona which causes our
Retinopathy” Computational eye damage.Among these
Sciences three Diabetic Retinopathy
(ICCCS) is most perilous due to its
different stages “(Mild
NPDR – Non Proliferative
Diabetic Retinopathy
Moderate NPDR and PDR
and segregate it from a
normal eye with the study
of fundus images.

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 LITERATURE SURVEY CONT..
Sl.No Authors Name/ Journal/ Year Findings
Paper Name Conference
Name
4. Rehena Sultana 2015 2015 presents different eye dieses
et.al“Registration International like DiabeticRetinopathy,
of Retinal Images Symposium on Catract and Glaucona which
Using Advanced causes our eye damage.
Blood Vessel Computing and Among these three Diabetic
Features” Communication Retinopathy is most perilous
(lSACC) due to its different stages
“(Mild NPDR – Non
Proliferative Diabetic
Retinopathy Moderate
NPDR and PDR and
segregate it from a normal
eye with the study of fundus
images.

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 LITERATURE SURVEY CONT..
Sl.No Authors Name/ Journal/ Year Findings
Paper Name Conference
Name
5. Maria Frucci et.al 2015 11th 2015 Presented an effective
“Effective retinal International unsupervised segmentation
blood vessel Conference on method that is based only on
detection using Signal-Image the use of the direction map
only directional Technology & built in correspondence of
information” Internet-Based the retinal image by
Systems assigning each pixel one out
of twelve discrete directions.
The segmentation method
works on the green channel
of RGB retina images and
does not require any pre-
processing phase.

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 LITERATURE SURVEY CONT..
Sl.No Authors Name/ Journal/ Year Findings
Paper Name Conference
Name
6. Golnoush 22nd Iranian 2015 Principal Components
Hamednejad et.al Conference on Analysis (PCA) algorithm
“Retinal Blood Biomedical has been used for optimizing
Vessel Engineering(IC the extracted features.
Classification BME 2015), Finally, the vessels were
Based on Color Iranian classified by a neural
and Directional Research network classifier. By using
Features in Fundus Organization the results of our
Images” for Science and optimization algorithm in the
Technology feature selection,
(IROST), They achieved high
Tehran, Iran, sensitivity and specificity and
25-27 generally, the accuracy rate
November 2015 of 92.9% was obtained on the
test dataset.
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 LITERATURE SURVEY CONT..
Sl.No Authors Name/ Journal/ Year Findings
Paper Name Conference
Name
7. Ishita De, et.al 2015 2015 presented a simple method
“Vessel Extraction International for blood vessel detection
in Retinal Images conference on from color image of a retina.
using computational After RGB to grayscale
Morphological intelligence and conversion and contrast
Filters” communication enhancement,morphological
network operations are applied to
remove the optic disc from
the image.
Then the largest connected
component of the binary
image is identified to detect
the blood vessels.

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 PROPOSED METHOD

Simulation Tool: MATLAB 2015

We used Image Processing Tools to apply various algorithms to extract

(segment) blood vessels.

Steps used for detection of blood vessel

 Preprocessing (Denoising)
 Optic Disc Elimination
 DR Feature Extraction
 Image Analysis and Comparison
 Decision on DR Detection
 WORK DONE SO FAR
Preprocessing (Denoising)
 Input Image from the Database
 Addition of Gaussian noise to create real time noisy retinal images
 Application of 2D Adaptive Filtering Techniques for Noise Reduction

 Optic Disc Elimination

 Binarization
 Morphological Reconstruction (Erosion or Dilation)

 DR Feature Extraction
 Extraction of Blood Vessel

 Image Comparison
 Using SSIM Index
 RESULT ANALYSIS

Fig7:Figure showing original and Gray Retinal Image

 PREPROCESSING

 Input Image was taken from the database

 Gaussian Noise has been added to create a real environment(Noisy image)

for processing

 For De-noising Wiener Filter has been used in order to eliminate noise.

 Results has been plotted for different gaussian noise variance values.
 PRE PROCESSING

Fig8: Figure showing noisy retinal image and denoised retinal image
 Optic Disk Elimination :Binarization

 In this process of Binarisation the retinal image has been converted from

gray to binary and then to unsigned integer value for getting appropriate

image output for the next dilation or erosion process.

 The process has been adopted for two different cases by considering the

binarization level values as 0.25 and 0.5.

 BINARIZATION

Fig9: Figure showing binarized retinal image

 OPTIC DISK ELIMINATION

 Here we have taken a circular disc which is a N periodic-line structuring

elements.

 Optic disk elimination includes the process of performing two morphological

operations that is erosion and dilation.

 Erosion process removes pixels from the boundary and decreases brightness in

gray scale.

 Dilation process adds pixel to boundary of image and increases brightness in

gray scale.
 EROSION

MMSE - 0.1894 SSIM_INDEX<2326x3494 double>

Fig10: Figure showing erosion process
 DILATION

MSSIM - 0.5352 SSIM_INDEX <2326x3494 double>

Fig11: Figure showing dialation process
 SSIM INDEX

 SSIM denotes Structural Similarity Index

 It is the method for predicting the perceived quality of digital image

 It is used for measuring similarity between two images

 Syntax

• [mssim ssim_map]=ssim_index(image1,image2)

• Mssim indicates the mean value of the ssim_map between two images.
While ssim_map indicates the value obtained after filtering process
 CONCLUSION

 In this project work, to detect blood vessels for an early diagnosis

of diabetes a method has been proposed.

 The retinal images used for the proposed method is collected from
DRIVE database.

 So far we have worked on the methodology of preprocessing of

retinal image along with Binarization Morphological Reconstruction
and Extraction of Blood Vessel Classification .

 Various Results like Denoised image,binarized image along with

erosion and dilated image output has been observed and analyzed.
The SSIM index values has been observed.
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 FUTURE WORKS

 In the future works we will focus on the effect of classifier performance

using the most relevant features, and will investigate different kinds of
classifiers to find the feature selector-classifier combination to deliver the
best performance.

 Soft computing based technique can be a method for further advancement

in our project work. In future, we may optimize the results by using the
PCA-based algorithm and applied to the neural network classifier and the
classifier was optimized by MMSE fitness function.

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 REFERENCES
[1] Kuri, S. K. (2015, July). Automatic diabetic retinopathy detection using Gabor
filter with local entropy thresholding. In Recent Trends in Information Systems
(ReTIS), 2015 IEEE 2nd International Conference on (pp. 411-415). IEEE.

[2] Halder, A., & Bhattacharya, P. (2015, April). An application of Bottom Hat
transformation to extract blood vessel from retinal images. In Communications and
Signal Processing (ICCSP), 2015 International Conference on (pp. 1791-1795).
IEEE

[3] Sangwan, S., Sharma, V., & Kakkar, M. (2015, January). Identification of different
stages of diabetic retinopathy. In Computer and Computational Sciences (ICCCS),
2015 International Conference on (pp. 232-237). IEEE.

[4] Sultana, R., & Nirmala, S. R. (2015, September). Registration of retinal images
using blood vessel features. In Advanced Computing and Communication (ISACC),
2015 International Symposium on (pp. 224-229). IEEE. 29
 REFERENCES CONT..
[5] Morega, A. M., Săndoiu, A. M., & Morega, M. (2015, November). On the
thermography mapping of anatomic media with capillaries and larger vessels blood
flow. In E-Health and Bioengineering Conference (EHB), 2015 (pp. 1-5). IEEE.

[6] Frucci, M., Riccio, D., di Baja, G. S., & Serino, L. (2015, November). Effective
retinal blood vessel detection using only directional information. In Signal-Image
Technology & Internet-Based Systems (SITIS), 2015 11th International Conference
on (pp. 583-590). IEEE.

[7] De, I., Das, S., & Ghosh, D. (2015, November). Vessel extraction in retinal images
using morphological filters. In Research in Computational Intelligence and
Communication Networks (ICRCICN), 2015 IEEE International Conference on(pp.
50-55). IEEE.

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