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Per Unit System Lecture Notes
Per Unit System Lecture Notes
Therefore;
actual quantity
quantity in per unit =
base value of quantity
Per Unit Conversion Procedure
Pick a 1f VA base for the entire system, SB
Pick a voltage base for each different voltage level, VB. Voltage bases are
related by transformer turns ratios. Voltages are line to neutral.
If the nominal value is chosen as the base voltage, a “normal” voltage
value will be close to 1.0 p.u
Also, per unit quantities no longer have units (i.e., a voltage is 1.0 p.u.
volts) except under certain conditions
Advantages of per unit system
ordinary parameters vary considerably with variation of physical size,
terminal voltage and power rating etc. while per unit parameters are
independent of these quantities over a wide range of the same type of
apparatus. In other words, the per unit impedance values for the
apparatus of like ratings lie within a narrow range
Other base values chosen to get the same relations between per unit
quantities as between actual quantities – electrical laws (ohms law,….) will
not be broken under per unit system
With the base power and base Voltage determined, the base current and
base impedance can be calculated
Rules for Choosing Base Values cont’d
• That is;
• For a three phase system,
Per unit example
• Solve for the current, load voltage and load power in the circuit
shown below using per unit analysis with an SB of 100 MVA, and
voltage bases of 8 kV, 80 kV and 16 kV, respectively.
Per unit example cont’d
82 (kV) 2
Z BLeft = = 0.64W
100MVA
802 (kV) 2
Z BMiddle = = 64W
100MVA
162 (kV) 2
Z BRight = = 2.56W
100MVA
1.0а 0
I = = 0.22�- 30.8�p.u. (not amps)
3.91 + j 2.327
VL =а-�-0��0.22
1.0 2.327�30.8
90�
= 0.859�- 30.8�p.u.
2
VL
SL = VL I L*
= = 0.189 p.u.
Z
SG =а�а
1.0 =0.22 а
0 0.22 30.8 30.8 p.u.
Per unit example cont’d
To convert back to actual values just multiply the
per unit values by their per unit base
OriginalBase NewBase
Z pu � Z actual � Z pu
2 2
OriginalBase Vbase Vbase NewBase
Hence Z pu � OriginalBase / NewBase = Z pu
S Base S Base
NewBase
S Base
ZOriginalBase
pu � OriginalBase
= Z NewBase
pu
S Base
example
Example: A 350 MVA, 230/20 kV transformer has leakage reactance
of 10%. What is p.u. value on 100 MVA base? What is value in
ohms (230 kV)?
100
X e = 0.10 � = 0.0286 p.u.
350
230 2
0.0286 � = 15.1 W
100
• In general for change of MVA base,
• In cases where the new base Voltage equates to the old base voltage,
then;
Calculation example questions