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Holographic
Holographic
Fall 2008
Optical Holography
-Ajeya Karajgikar
Georgia Institute of Technology
Topics covered:
• What is holography?
• History of holography – Timeline
• Basic terms and concepts in holography
– Interference
– Fresnel Zone Lens
– Visibility
– Influence of polarization
– Holographic recording and reconstruction
The first credit cards to carry embossed holograms were produced by American Bank Note
Company, New York, for MasterCard International, Inc. The 2-channel holograms were the
widest distribution of holography in the world at that time.
History of Holography – Timeline (1984)
Volume 165, Number 3, March 1984 had the first hot stamped hologram embossed directly onto a
magazine cover, with an accompanying story, "The Wonder of Holography." The 2 1/2" x 4" embossed
hologram of an eagle was produced in 1983 by Kenneth A. Haines, Eidetic Images, Inc. Elmsford, NY, a
subsidiary of American Bank Note Company, New York, NY. (Photo by Paul D. Barefoot, 1999)
Basic terms and concepts in holography
Interference:
The superposition or interference of two light waves (with
same frequency) will emerge from the points R and O.
Taking an object wave and reference wave without
restriction to generality:
o = oe-iΦ r and o are the field amplitudes of the respective
r = re-iΨ waves at the point of superposition P
I = r2 + o2 + 2. r.o.cos (Φ-Ψ)
Basic terms and concepts in holography
If the light sources are emitting completely independently
then the average of cos(Φ-Ψ) vanishes since the phases
vary statistically. This results in
I = r 2 + o2
or I = I1 + I2
In this case the waves are called “incoherent”. The
intensities of both waves add up and interference does not
occur.
If the value of ΨR-Φo does not change, the waves are
“coherent”. Locations in space exist where cos(Ψ-Φ)=+/-1. If
the field strengths oscillate in the same phase (+) this
results in
r + o and Imax = r2 + o2 + 2.r.o
If they oscillate in opposing cycles (-) the resulting
superposition is
r – o and Imin = r2 + o2 - 2.r.o
Basic terms and concepts in holography
Fresnel Zone Lens:
Points of objects close to the hologram reflect or emit spherical
waves. Holograms of such objects waves have been known as
“Fresnel zone lenses.”
The point P which represents the object is located at the distance
z0 from thr photographic layer. It emits a spherical wave.
Additionally a plane reference wave r falls onto the layer. The
interference pattern consists of concentric circles. For all points
that have the same distance from the center of the photographic
plate the incoming waves have the same phase. The path
difference between the two interfering waves increases by one
wavelength λ from one ring to the other (and the phase difference
increases by 2π). The path difference in the center can be taken to
be zero. For the kth ring this results in the path difference kλ, so
that the ring radius can be written as
rk
sin k
rk z 0 k
The deflection angle increases with the distance from the
hologram axis. It can be proved that the hologram of a single point
represents a Fresnel zone lens by showing that the beams are
intersecting real and virtual at the distance z0 from the hologram
plane.
During reconstruction the first order of diffraction forms a spherical
wave which creates an image point at the distance z0 in front of
the hologram. The -1st order of diffraction is a divergent spherical
wave with a virtual image point at the distance z0 behind the
hologram.
Basic terms and concepts in holography
Visibility:
In holography r and o represent the reference and the
object wave, respectively. During the recording of the
hologram the visibility V in the interference field is given
by the ratio of the two waves I1=r2 and I2=o2. It is defined
by
V II max
max Imin
Imin
I1
2.
V I2
I1
1
I2
and I1
2.
V I2 cos
I1
1
I2
No interference occurs if the directions of polarization are
perpendicular to each other; the visibility is 0. For optimal
visibility object and reference wave have to polarized parallel
each other. Even by using linearly polarized light radiation this
cannot always be achieved in practice since light is being partly
depolarized when scattered at an object.
Basic terms and concepts in holography
If the object O and the light source R are within the same
plane parallel to the hologram, Fourier holograms are
generated. This geometric condition can only be satisfied
for plane objects. In a Fourier hologram the interference
fringes appear as a set of hyperbolas whilst especially in
in-line holograms circular sets in the form of Fresnel zone
lenses appear. Like in all thin holograms two (real)
images appear during reconstruction. The regular image
is at the position of the original object; the conjugated one
appears in the same plane parallel to the hologram. The
point light source R is the center of the point symmetry for
the two images.
Fraunhofer Hologram
This figure represents the Gabor holography with the condition of diffraction
being present in the far field. The light of the primary image is spead over such
a large area in the conjugated image that is appears as a weak even
background.
Reflection Hologram (Denisyuk)