Water Pollution Control

References:

1. Industrial Water Treatment

Author: F. Berne
J. Cordonnier

2. Water Conditioning for Industry

Author: Sheppard T. Powell

3. Water Treatment and Waste Recovery

Author: Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff
Paul N. Cheremisinoff

4. Environmental Engineering: a design approach

Author: Arcadio P. Sincero
Gregoria A. Sincero
 unit proses dalam pabrik kimia, memerlukan air untuk berbagai
macam kebutuhan, misal untuk: proses (melarutkan, mengencerkan
dsb), pendinginan, pemanasan, dll., yang masing-masing harus
memenuhi persyaratan kualitas air sesuai dengan peruntukannya

Unit Utilitas Unit Proses

 KEBUTUHAN AIR AIR
DALAM INDUSTRI PROSES

AIR UMPAN AIR

BOILER PENDINGIN

Lain-Lain
 Parameter penting:
• Hardness
• Oxygen and
carbondioxide
Problem: concentration
• Scaling • Silicates
• Corrosion • Dissolved solids
• Priming (formation of • Suspended solids
droplets) • Concentration
• Carryover in the steam (of organics
volatile minerals) • pH
Contoh persyaratan untuk air yang akan dibuat steam(air umpan
boiler=boiler feed water) menurut ASME

Tekanan Operasi Boiler (psig)

0-300 301-450 451-600 601-750 751-900 901-1000 1001-1500 1501-2000

Oksigen <40 <40 <7 ppb <7 ppb <7 ppb <7 ppb <7 ppb <7 ppb
Terlarut ppb ppb

Total Fe <100 <50 <30 <25 <20 <20 <10 <10

ppb ppb ppb ppb ppb ppb ppb ppb

Silica <150 <90 <40 <30 <20 <8 <2 <1

ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm Ppm ppm

Kesadahan <300 <300 <200 <200 <100 <50 Not Not

ppb ppb ppb ppb ppb ppb detectable detectable

pH 7,5-10 7,5-10 7,5-10 7,5-10 7,5-10 8,5-9,5 9,0-9.6 9,0-9,6

Air merupakan solvent universal dan praktis hampir semua zat
dapat dikatakan larut (dalam kadar tertentu) didalamnya.
Dengan sifatnya ini, air akan dengan mudah terkontaminasi
oleh senyawa lain. Oleh karena itu hampir tidak mungkin kita
mendapatkan air yang murni secara kimiawi.
What's the problem?:

•The population is growing rapidly, putting more pressure on

our water supply (demand is increasing)

•The amount of water is effectively reduced by pollution and

contamination (supply is decreasing)

•What does the future hold? We can best explore this

question by looking carefully at the world's water resources.
 The Water Resources of Earth
Over 70% of our Earth's surface is covered by water ( we should really
call our planet "Ocean" instead of "Earth").

Although water is seemingly abundant, the real issue is the amount of

fresh water available.
• 97.5% of all water on Earth is salt water, leaving only 2.5% as fresh
water
• Nearly 70% of that fresh water is frozen in the icecaps of Antarctica
and Greenland; most of the remainder is present as soil moisture, or
lies in deep underground aquifers as groundwater not accessible to
human use.
• < 1% of the world's fresh water (~0.007% of all water on earth) is
accessible for direct human uses. This is the water found in lakes,
rivers, reservoirs and those underground sources that are shallow
enough to be tapped at an affordable cost. Only this amount is
regularly renewed by rain and snowfall, and is therefore available on a
sustainable basis.
Some believe that fresh water will be a critical limiting resource for many
regions in the near future. About one-third of the world's population lives in
countries that are experiencing water stress.
In Asia, where water has always been regarded as an abundant resource,
per capita availability declined by 40-60% between 1955 and 1990.
Projections suggest that most Asian countries will have severe water
problems by the year 2025. Most of Africa historically has been water-poor.

Air semakin sulit diperoleh, jika pun ada jumlah dan jenis kontaminan yang
ada semakin banyak dan bervariasi
 Siklus Hidrologi

recharge
air permukaan

aliran
air tanah

lapisan
kedap air

13
Penggunaan Air

14
Pembagian zona vertikal tanah

15
Air Tanah & Sistem Akuifer
Sumur Sumur Sumur
dalam dangkal dalam

Air tanah
perched

sungai

sungai

Akuifer
Akuifer nirtekan
Akuifer nirtekan
tekan lapisan
kedap air

lapisan
Akuifer
kedap air tekan

P engambilan air tanah Jika volume pengambilan

tergantung melebihi volume recharge,
– kapasitas akuifer maka akan terjadi
– recharge yang masuk ke penurunan tanah.
akuifer.
16
Air tanah perched
Muka tanah

Air tanah perched

Lapis kedap air

Muka air tanah

Akuifer
nirtekan

17
Hydrological cycle
 SIKLUS AIR DI ALAM
The water cycle on
Earth is essentially
a closed system –
we always have
the same amount
of water

1/3 bagian
2/3 bagian
surface water

ground water
SIKLUS AIR DI ALAM

komposisi kandungan kontaminan suatu

air akan merefleksikan karakter geologis
daerah dimana air tersebut berasal
 SUMBER AIR UNTUK INDUSTRI

AIR SUNGAI AIR LAUT

 Kontaminan Dalam Air

• Suspended Solids:
lumpur, humus, sampah

• Dissolved Ion:
Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, SO4, Cl, dll.

• Dissolved Gas:
O2, CO2, dll.
Unfortunately water is also collecting chemical impurities throughout
this entire cycle. These chemicals are generally odorless, colorless,
tasteless and most importantly health threatening.

SOx; NOx

Incineration and combustion

of fossil fuel containing
nitrogen releases oxides of
nitrogen into the atmosphere.
NOX in Scrubber
Discharge

Dissolved
oxides of
nitrogen
produce
acid rain.
 chlor

Air minum

air bebas koloid

screening

Kolam
sedimentasi Clarifier
Ekualisasi

padatan padatan
O2 + CO2
Ca, Mg, SO4, Cl

BFW
Unit Unit filtrasi
Deaerator Demineralisasi

steam
 Tahapan Pengolahan
Air Sungai
screening

Sedimentasi Klarifikasi Sand Filter

(mixing, flokulasi, settling)

Carbon Filter

boiler
BFW
Deaerasi demineralisasi
 Tahapan Pengolahan Air Laut

Screening Desalinasi Tangki Penampung

Carbon Filter

boiler

Deaerasi demineralisasi