OUTLIN

• DEFINITION
E
• HISTORY
• TYPES OF CLONING
• HUMAN CLONING
• ANIMAL CLONING
• ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
• GOOD OR BAD
• RISKS
• APPLICATIONS
Clone
A clone is a group of genetically identical organisms or a
group of cells derived from a single parent cell
A group of cells that were all divided from the same parent
cell would be called cloned cells
Animals that reproduce asexually are examples of clones
that are produced naturally
Cells can be cloned by isolating and copying a defined
DNA sequence, In Vitro
In Vitro – A procedure performed in a controlled
environment such as a petri dish or test tube
 HOW CLONING DIFFERS
FROM NATURAL
• HumansPRODUCTION
and most organisms result from
sexual production. The female egg is
fertilized by the male sperm and an embryo
is formed.
• The embryo’s genetic structure is located
in the chromosomes found in the nucleus
of every embryonic cell.
• The new organism obtains one half of its
genes from the mother’s egg and the
other half from the father’s sperm.
 BUT IN
CLONIG……….
• The egg nucleus is removed through
a microscopic laboratory procedure
and
replaced with a donor’s nucleus,
containing
the unique genes of that individual.
• The egg which grows into an embryo ,
contains only the donor’s genes. The
cloned organism is a near genetic copy of
its “sole” parent rather than a random
genetic combination of two parents.
 HISTOR
• Y
1894 : Hans Dreisch cloned a sea urchin by
isolating blastomeres. Dreisch separeted
the urchin embryo when it was two cells
large , and both cells matured into adult
organisms.
• 1902 : The next successful experiment was
conducted by German Dr.Hans Spemann
on salamander embryos ,producing twins.
• 1958 :Steward obtained cells from the
roots of a mature carrot root and was
 Continue…
• … biologist Steen Willadsen
1984 : The Danish
cloned sheep using the DNA from early
embryonic cells. Two years later. Willadsen
cloned a cow from one week old embryo
cells.
• 1996 :Dolly ( a sheep) was born using a cell
from an adult cell by Wilmut and Campbell.
The success of this experiment produced
more ideas for cloning. A lot of scientists
said that it could be used mass-
produce genetically identical animals for
 AND
FINALLY……….
• After Wilmut’s success , a lot
of cloned animals were
created , such as a cat in
2001,
• rabbits in 2002 and
• dog in 2005
• Rhesus monkey in 2007
 TYPES OF
CLONING
1. DNA cloning/ Gene cloning
2. Reproductive cloning
(Dolly)
3. Therapeutic Cloning
 Cloning Techniques
• The Roslin Technique
• The nucleus of an egg cell is removed (enucleated)
• The enucleated egg cell and a somatic cell are
joined together by an electrical charge and
implanted into the host organism (in the case of
Dolly, it was a sheep)
• The cell should act like a normal egg and grow into
a new organism, as a clone of the donor animal
 Cloning Techniques
• The Honolulu Technique
• The nucleus of a somatic cell is removed
• The nucleus of an egg cell is removed
• The Somatic cell’s nucleus is implanted into the
cytoplasm of the egg cell
• The egg is then treated with special chemicals and
implanted into the surrogate organism
 DNA/GENE
•
CLONING
Practiced since 1970
• A term used to describe a collection of
DNA fragments derived from the genome
of an organism and cloned randomly into
suitable cloning vectors (plasmids,
phages).
• The term genomic DNA clone or chromosomal
DNA clone then refers to an individual cell
carrying a cloning vector with one of the
cellular DNA fragments or to a phage isolate
with a specific DNA insert.
Gene
Cloning
 Reproductive
•
cloning
Reproductive cloning is the production of a
genetic duplicate of an existing organism. A
human clone would be a genetic copy of an
existing person.
• Some oppose reproductive cloning because of
safety considerations. Animal cloning is seldom
successful, and many scientists believe that
reproductive cloning can never be made safe.
Human reproductive cloning would also threaten
the psychological well-being of cloned children,
open the door to more powerful genetic
manipulation technologies, and raise other social
and ethical concerns.
 Cont
….
• Dolly defied scientific convention. With her
birth on 5th July 1996, her makers had done
the impossible - cloned an animal from a cell
taken from an adult mammal. When Dolly
was announced to the world on 22nd
February 1997 she became global front page
news. Press and public flocked to her home
at the Roslin Institute outside Edinburgh to
catch a glimpse of the world's most famous
sheep.
 Reproductive
cloning
Benefits Risk

• Maintain good DNA in • Highly inefficient: - Die

animal reproduction. mysteriously - High
• Cloning genetically costs
modified animals: - • Morally wrong to
Xenotransplantation experiment with
(avoid tissue rejection) - animals.
Insulin producers • Could lead to the
cloning of
humans
 Therapeutic
Which createsCloning
embryonic Stem Cells. Researchers hope to use
theses cells to grow healthy tissue to replace injured or
diseased tissues in the human body.

Benefits Risk
• Produce whole organs from
cloned stem cells.
• Produce healthy cells for • Killing
transplantation. embryos in
• Reduce need for organ the
donors process
• Test drugs, understand
diseases
Mammalian cloning via
somatic cell nuclear
transfer

Anne McLaren, 2001 Nature 414,

129-131 doi:10.1038/35102194
Injection of donor
cell under the
Zona Pellucida

Injection of donor
cell or Isolated
nucleus into The
cytoplasm
 SCNT-chromatin transfer

• Chromatin condensation
• Fusion with an enucleated
egg

• Enhanced survival of
clones
Somatic Cell Nuclear
Transfer (Dolly the Sheep)
Artificial
Twinning Intracytoplasmic Sperm
Injection or ICSI

in vitro fertilization
Artificial
Twinning
Artificial
Twinning
Artificial
Twinning
 Human
Cloning
• The concept of human cloning welcomes the
prospect of making this world a place
where the disorders of a human like
the diseases or the genetic disorders
diseases can be
removed.
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
 Animal
•
Cloning
The pet cloning started in 1997 when a billionaire from Arizona wanted to clone
his dog. He paid millions to a company called Genetics saving and clone in order
to clone his dog.
• The first cloned cat was born in 2001.
• The scientists perform a biopsy to a on a live or very recently deceased animal
to collect DNA.
• Next , the tissues are grown and the cells are preserved until the next phase of
the
cloning process.
• To produce a cloned embryo ,the cells are treated to prevent them from
being assigned to a particular function( hair , skin…).
• The genetic material is removed from eggs obtained from random cats.
• The eggs and cells are fused together by electricity ,resulting in cloned
embryos.
• Multiply cloned embryos are implanted into female cats during an
artificially – induced reproductive cycle. The cats may or may not
develop pregnancies and are monitored by ultrasound.
 Advantages vs
Disadvantages
Advantages
 There will be an endless
supply of animals to clone,
and we will never run out of
food from animals, because
we have been able to clone
based on previous efforts, the
most famous of these was
the first ever cloning of an
animal, Dolly the lamb which
was a successful cloning
where Dolly was a healthy
lamb.
Disadvantages
 Many believe cloning is
quite inhumane, especially
that of religious and some
governmental parties which
don’t want to move
forward with this research.
They think life is just too
precious to take away,
even if it is a clone in
which we are testing.
 Cloning Good Or
Bad:
• People can get an animal that looks the same as the pet
they
had .
• Scientists can clone organs and help people live longer.
• Scientists can also clone body parts such as ears to
surgically attach to a person, Cloned animals are safe to
eat.
• The offspring of cloned animals are often born deformed
• It is against religious beliefs
• Pets that are cloned often do not come out having the
same personality and can look different
 What are the risks of
•
cloning?
Expensive and highly inefficient.
• More than 90% of cloning attempts fail to produce a viable offspring.
• In addition to low success rates, cloned animals tend to have more
compromised immune function and higher rates of infection,
tumour growth, and other disorders.
• Many cloned animals have not lived long enough to generate good
data about how clones age.
• Appearing healthy at a young age unfortunately is not a good indicator
of long term survival.
• Clones have been known to die mysteriously. For example, Australia's
first cloned sheep appeared healthy and energetic on the day she died,
and the results of her autopsy failed to determine a cause of death.
 Benefits & Bioethical Issues of Animal Cloning
PROS
 multiplication of animals by
cloning
 recovery of endangered animals
 production of transgenic animals
CONS
 technical & medical safety
 undermining the
concept of reproduction &
family
 ambiguous relations of a
cloned child with the
progenitor
 confusing personal
identity & harming the
psychological development
of a clone
 concerns about eugenics
 promoting trends
towards designer babies &
human enhancement
 contrary to human
BENEFITS OF
ANIMAL
CLONING
Multiplication of Animals by Cloning
 Cloning allows farmers and ranchers to accelerate the
reproduction of their most productive livestock in order
to better produce safe and healthy food.
 Cloning reproduces the healthiest animals, thus minimizing
the use of antibiotics, growth hormones and other
chemicals.
 Consumers can benefit from cloning because meat and
milk will be more healthful, consistent, and safe.
 Most of the foods from cloning will be from the offspring
of clones that are not clones themselves, but sexually
reproduced animals.
Recovery of Endangered Animals
• Cloning can be used to protect endangered
species.
Production of Transgenic Animals

• The main purpose behind developing

animal cloning techniques is to facilitate
the genetic engineering of animals.
Critical controversies over animal
and human cloning technology
BIOETHICAL ISSUES
Bioethical Issues regarding Human Cloning
1. Technical and medical safety
2. Undermining the concept of reproduction and family
3. Ambiguous relations of a cloned child with the progenitor
4. Confusing personal identity and harming the psychological
development of a clone
5. Concerns about eugenics (idea that one can improve the human
race by careful selection of those who mate and produce
offspring)
6. Promoting trends towards designer babies and
human enhancement
7. Contrary to Human Dignity
Answers of World Community to Human Cloning
• In France, the National Consultative Ethics Committee for
Health and Life Sciences (CCNE – Comité consultatif national
d’éthique pour les sciences de la vie et de la santé) addressed
central dilemmas when in 1997 it rejected human reproductive
cloning:

“The notion that perfect genetic similarity would in itself lead

to perfect psychic similarity is devoid of any scientific
foundation”, stated the Committee, adding that human
reproductive cloning
would cause “a fundamental upheaval of the relationship between
genetic identity and personal identity in its biological and
cultural dimensions”. (Opinion No 54, “Reply to the President of
the French Republic on the subject of reproductive cloning”,
April, 1997).
Answers of World Community to Human Cloning

• For Japan’s Council for

Science and Technology,
human cloning had no
usefulness to commend its
practice.

• It added that medical

applications using human
cells obtained through
cloning
“may lead to breeding of
human beings and violation
of human rights” (Final
Report Requesting Legal
Regulations of Production of
Humans by Clone Technology,
November 1999).
 Answers of World Community to Human Cloning
• In its “Human Cloning and Human Dignity” study in 2002, the
President’s Council on Bioethics in the United States observed that
efforts to clone a human would be unethical “at this time”
because of
“safety concerns and the likelihood of harm to those involved”.

• A wealth of other concerns could well preclude ever attempting

human clones, the report said:

“The notion of cloning raises issues about identity and individuality,

the
meaning of having children, the difference between procreation and
manufacture, and the relationship between the generations”.
 Answers of World Community to Human Cloning

• In Tunisia, the
National Medical
Ethics Committee
examined the issue of
reproductive cloning
at the request of the
Minister of Health in
1997 and concluded
that any technology of
human cloning should
be banned.
 APPLICATIO
Biomedical research
N
• Animals as drug producers
• Animal models
• Breeding androgenic body tissue
• Xenotransplantation
Livestock breeding and agriculture
• Transgenic clones
• Changes to agricultural structures
According to FDA Meat and milk from cow, pig, and goat clones, and
the offspring of any clones, are as safe as food we eat every day.
The main use of clones is to produce breeding stock, not food.
 Reference
s
• www.fda.org
• www.biotecnika.org
• www.genome.gov
• www.library.thinkquest.org
• www.metrolic.com
• www.bioethics.georgetown.org
• www.nms.com
THANK
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