CPD 20002

Plant Utilities & Safety

.: Karte 02 :.
Prime Mover
~TURBINE & ENGINE~
 a set of things working together as
parts of a mechanism
SYSTEM
perform a series of mechanical or
PROCESS chemical operations on
(something) in order to change or
preserve it.

Items /unit use to execute operation;

physical change or chemical reaction EQUIPMENT

Element or part inside the

COMPONENTS unit or machine; preform
PARTS their function
 PRIME MOVER

EQUIPMENT TO DRIVE /
MOVE

OTHER EQUIPMENTS
PRIME MOVER

OTHER EQUIPMENTS
2.0 TURBINES
TURBINES

~ use kinetic energy (steam, gas, water) & convert it to

mechanical energy.
Turbine used depends on numerous factors, including
principle of operation & type of fluid used to operate
them.
Petrochemical & refining industries are use steam or
gas turbines.
 TURBINE: Purposes

Convert compressed air or steam into mechanical energy

to operate plant equipment.
Drivers for rotating machinery in process plants.
Turbine converts the motive gas flowing from higher to
lower pressure into mechanical energy to operate rotating
equipment.
TURBINES: Operation
 TURBINES

Common is steam turbine

(condensing, non-condensing, single
stage and multi-stage) & gas turbine
(using liquid or gaseous fuels and air..

Selection of the turbine type must consider reliability of

service, availability, reliability, quality, demand for the
motive gas
TURBINES: Component
TURBINES: Component
TURBINES : Impulse Blade vs Reaction Blade

The two basic types of blading sets used to extract

energy from a vapor and produce power are
listed below:

In general, impulse blading has been widely used in

the steam turbine industry and reaction blading has
been widely used in the gas turbine industry.
In recent years, the steam turbine industry has
been designing a 'Hybrid Turbine' utilizing
rugged impulse blading in the initial stages and
high efficiency reaction blading in the final
stages.
 TURBINES : Single & Multi Stage

The objective of any expansion turbine is to

extract the maximum possible energy from
each pound of vapor to produce power.

The inlet throttle valves control the amount

(mass flow) of steam admitted to the expansion
turbine to meet the power requirements of the
driven equipment.

However, to maximize energy extraction, the

losses across the inlet throttle valves must be
minimum.
 TURBINES : Back Pressure

In a backpressure turbine, the exhaust pressure is greater than atmospheric

pressure.

A condensing turbine's exhaust pressure is equal to or less than atmospheric

pressure.

Most condensing turbines operate at a high vacuum (3-4" Hg Vac) for

maximum efficiency and energy extraction.
Steam Turbines

A steam turbine is a device that extracts

thermal energy from pressurized steam and
uses it to do mechanical work on a rotating
output shaft

Used to drive centrifuge pumps or to drive

generators, fans & compressors.

Common; single stage machines.

Principles

• Steam enters the governor valve after passing through the

strainer and throttle valve.
• The position of the governor valve determines how much steam
is admitted to the steam chest and nozzles.
• As the steam passes through the nozzles, its pressure drops and
velocity becomes very high.
 • The rapidly moving steam then enters the first row of buckets
where part of its energy is used to drive the bucket wheel.
• The stationary reversing buckets serve to reverse the direction of
flow so that the steam will be traveling in the proper direction to
enter the second row of moving buckets; more energy is
extracted from the steam.
• The steam then leaves the turbine through the exhaust steam
piping.
Gas Turbine
• Similar to the steam turbine.
• Importance in power stations, ships &
locomotives, and in form of the jet engine also in
airplanes.
Gas Turbine
Have 3 parts:
• Compressors
• Combustion Area
• Turbine
 • Compressors - Compresses the incoming air to high pressure
• Combustion area - Burns the fuel and produces high-pressure, high-velocity gas

 Turbine - Extracts the energy from the high-pressure, high-velocity gas flowing from
the combustion chamber. Two types of turbine used in gas turbines are the axial-
flow and radial inflow type.
Principles
• In this engine, air is sucked in from the right by the compressor.
The compressor is basically a cone-shaped cylinder with small
fan blades attached in rows.
• Air at normal air pressure is then forced through the
compression stage its pressure raises significantly. In some
engines, the pressure of the air can rise by a factor of 30.
 • This high-pressure air then enters the combustion area, where a
ring of fuel injectors injects a steady stream of fuel. The fuel is
generally kerosene, jet fuel, propane or natural gas.

• To keep a flame burning continuously in that environment, a

piece that solves this problem is called a "flame holder," or
sometimes a "can." The can is a hollow, perforated piece of
heavy metal.
• The compressed air then goes to turbine section. There are two
sets of turbines. The first set directly drives the compressor. The
turbines, the shaft and the compressor all turn as a single unit.
• At the far left is a final turbine stage (single set of vanes). It
drives the output shaft.
• This final turbine stage and the output shaft are a completely
stand-alone, freewheeling unit. They spin freely without any
connection to the rest of the engine.
Maintenance
3.0 Engine

The internal combustion

engine is a heat engine in
which combustion occurs in a
confined space called a
combustion chamber.
 • Combustion of a fuel creates high
temperature/pressure gases, which are permitted
to expand. The expanding gases are used to
directly move a piston, turbine blades, rotor(s), or
the engine itself thus doing useful work.
• Internal combustion engines can be powered by
any fuel that can be combined with an “oxidizer"
in the chamber.
• An external combustion engine such as a steam
engine does work when the combustion process
heats a separate working fluid, such as water or
steam, which then in turn does work.
• Jet engines, most reckets and many gas turbines are strictly
classed as internal combustion engines, but the term internal
combustion engine is also used to refer specifically to
reciprocating engines.
• Applications; cars, motobikes, many boats, and in a wide variety
of aircraft and locomotives, jet aircraft, helicopters and large
ships, electric generators and by industry
The Four Stroke Cycle
INTAKE stroke
1. The piston starts at the top, the intake valve opens, and the piston
moves down to let the engine take in a cylinder-full of air and fuel
mixture. This is the intake stroke. Only the tiniest drop of gasoline needs
to be mixed into the air for this to work.
COMPRESSION stroke
2. Then the piston returns to the top of the cylinder
compressing the air-fuel mixture into the combustion
chamber of the cylinder head. Compression makes
the explosion more powerful.
POWER stroke
3. When the piston reaches the top of its stroke, the
spark plug emits a spark to ignite the compressed air–
fuel mixture in a gasoline engine. The gasoline charge
in the cylinder explodes. The resulting pressure from
the combustion of the compressed fuel-air mixture
forces the piston back down to bottom of the
cylinder.
EXHAUST stroke
4. Once the piston hits the bottom of its stroke, the exhaust valve opens and
this action expels the spent fuel-air mixture through the exhaust valve/s.
Additional info