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03 Transformer Losses & Efficiency
03 Transformer Losses & Efficiency
LSEGG216A
9080V
Transformer
Losses & Efficiency
Week 3
Objectives
1. Describe the power losses which occur in a transformer
Volt Amps
or
VA
at a specified frequency and terminal voltage.
Transformer Ratings
They are NOT rated in Watts
The load power factor is unknown
S =V ×I
Power = S × PF
Power
S=
PF
Transformer Ratings
They are NOT rated in Watts
The load power factor is unknown
S = 2 kVA
Problem
V1 = 6,351 V2 = 230 V
V
P = 2 kW
S = 2 kVA
Problem
V1 = 6,351 V2 = 230 V
V
S
I=
V × PF
I = 10.87 A
2000
I=
230× 0.8
Student Exercise 1
S = 20 kVA
V1 = 1270 V2 = 200 V
V
P = 20 kW
S = 20 kVA
V1 = 1270 V2 = 200 V
V
Power= S× PF
P = 20,000 × 0.8
P = 16 kW
S = 20 kVA
V1 = 1270 V2 = 200 V
V
V1 = 1270 V2 = 200 V
V
Output Power
η% = × 100
Input Power
Transformer
Efficiency
Power η = 100%
95%
90% Power
In Out
Overcome Overcome
Some Power Copper
is used to: Iron
Losses Losses
Student Exercise 2
S = 20 kVA
Power = S × PF
P = 100× 0.85
P = 85 W
S = 20 kVA
Out
η=
In
Out
In =
η
85W
In = P = 94.4 W
0.9
S = 20 kVA
(c) Losses
In − Out = Losses
P = 9.4W
Transformer
Losses
Copper Losses
(Cu)
•Varies with load current
•Produces HEAT
PCu = 25 W
Copper Losses (Cu)
150
140
130
120
Cu Losses (W)
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
% Load
Transformer Losses
•Fixed Iron Losses
•Always present
(Fe)
•Related to transformers
construction
Eddy Currents Hysteresis
Reduced by Reduced by using
laminations special steels in
laminations
Produces HEAT
Open Circuit Test
Finds Iron Losses
(Fe)
Full Secondary
Supply Open Circuit
Voltage
30k
η% = × 100
30k + 0.84k + 0.22k
η% =
96.6%
Sout = 30 kVA Cu FL = 840 W Fe = 220 W
22.5
η% = × 100
( )
22.5+ ( 0.75) × 0.84 + 0.22
2
22.5
η% = × 100
22.5+ 0.4725+ 0.22
η% = 97%
Sout = 30 kVA Cu FL = 840 W Fe = 220 W
15
η% = × 100
15+ 0.21+ 0.22
η% = 97.21%
Sout = 30 kVA Cu FL = 840 W Fe = 220 W
7.5
η% = × 100
7.5+ 0.0525+ 0.22
η% = 96.49%
100% η = 96.6%
75% η = 97%
50% η = 97.21%
25% η = 96.49%
1.4
1.2
Cu η%
1.0
Losses
Losses (W)
97.00
0.8
Fe
0.6
Losses
0.4
0.2 η
0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
96.00 %
% Load
Fe = Cu =Max
η
Maximum Efficiency
Fe = Cu =
220 840 220
= Load
Fe = Cu =Max η 840
Fe = ( Load) × Cu Load %=
2
51.18%
Fe 0.5118 × 30
= ( Load) η% =
( ) × 100
2
Cu
( 0.5118× 30) + ( 0.5118) × 0.84 + 0.22
2
15.35
Fe η% = × 100
= Load 15.35 + 0.22 + 0.22
Cu
η%= 97.21%
1.4
1.2
1.0
97.00
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0 96.00
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
All Day Efficiency
% Eff = 98.37
All Day Efficiency
Transformer B
% Eff = 98.25
Transformer Cooling
• Transformer ratings can be increased if their windings are cooled
by some external means