Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Faculty of Engineering and Technology

SRM Institute of Science and Technology,
Kattankulathur – 603203.

M Vishnu
RA1611004010367
 CONTENTS
ABSTRACT

Chapter1: INTRODUCTION ON BSNL &

INDUSTRY, COMPANY PROFILE
Chapter2: NETWORKING BASICS
Chapter3: BROAD BAND
Chapter4: MOBILE SERVICES
Chapter5: TRANSMISSION
ABSTRACT

communication is the transmission of signs, signals, messages, words,

writings, images and sounds or intelligence of any nature by wire,
radio, optical or other electromagnetic systems. Telecommunication
occurs when the exchange of information between communication
participants includes the use of technology. It is transmitted either
electrically over physical media, such as cables, or via electromagnetic
radiation. Such transmission paths are often divided into
communication channels which afford the advantages of multiplexing.
The term is often used in its plural form, telecommunications, because it
involves many different technologies.
Early means of communicating over a distance included visual signals,
such as beacons, smoke signals, semaphoretelegraphs, signalflags,
and optical heliographs. Other examples of premodern long-distance
communication included audio messages such as coded drumbeats,
lungblown horns, and loud whistles. 20th and 21st century technologies
for long-distance communication usually involve electrical and
electromagnetic technologies, such as telegraph, telephone, and tele
printer, networks, radio, microwave transmission, fiber optics, and
communications satellites.
 INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1:

1. INDUSTRY PROFILE
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. was incorporated on 15th september 2000 . It
took over the business of providing of telecom services and network
management from the erstwhile Central Government Departments of
Telecom Services (DTS) and Telecom Operations (DTO), with effect from 1st
October‘ 2000 on going concern basis.It is one of the largest & leading
public sector units providing comprehensive range of telecom services in
India.
BSNL has set up a world class multi-gigabit, multi-protocol convergent IP
infrastructure that provides convergent services like voice, data & video
through the same Backbone & Broadband Access Network. At present
there are 21.86 million broadband customers including both wireline &
wireless broadband
BSNL is the only service provider, making focused efforts &
planned initiatives to bridge the rural-urban digital divide in ICT
sector. In fact there is no telecom operator in the country to beat
its reach with its wide network giving services in every nook &
corner of the country & operates across India except New Delhi &
Mumbai. Whether it is inaccessible areas of Siachen glacier or
North-Eastern regions of the country, BSNL serves its customers
with a wide bouquet of telecom services namely Wireline, CDMA
mobile, GSM mobile, Internet, Broadband, Carrier service, MPLS-
VPN, VSAT, VoIP, IN Services, FTTH, etc.

The company has vast experience in planning, installation,

network integration & maintenance of switching & transmission
networks & also has a world class ISO 9000 certified Telecom
Training Institute.
 Chapter 2:
NETWORKING BASICS
• Network - A network is a group of computers connected together in a
way that allows information to be exchanged between the computers.
• Node - A node is anything that is connected to the network. While a node
is typically a computer, it can also be something like a printer or CD-ROM
tower.
• Segment - A segment is any portion of a network that is separated, by a
switch, bridge or router, from other parts of the network.
• Backbone - The backbone is the main cabling of a network that all of the
segments connect to. Typically, the backbone is capable of carrying
more information than the individual segments. For example, each
segment may have a transfer rate of 10 Mbps (megabits per second),
while the backbone may operate at 100 Mbps.
• Topology - Topology is the way that each node is physically connected to
the network.
• Local Area Network (LAN) - A LAN is a network of computers that are in
the same general physical location, usually within a building or a campus.
If the computers are far apart (such as across town or in different cities),
then a Wide Area Network (WAN) is typically used.
• Network Interface Card (NIC) - Every computer (and most other devices)
is connected to a network through an NIC. In most desktop computers,
this is an Ethernet card (normally 10 or 100 Mbps) that is plugged into a slot
on the computer's motherboard.
• Media Access Control (MAC) address - This is the physical address of any
device -- such as the NIC in a computer -- on the network. The MAC address
has two parts, each 3 bytes long. The first 3 bytes identify the company that
made the NIC. The second 3 bytes are the serial number of the NIC itself.
• Unicast - A unicast is a transmission from one node addressed specifically to
another node.
• Multicast - In a multicast, a node sends a packet addressed to a special
group address. Devices that are interested in this group register to receive
packets addressed to the group.
• An example might be a Cisco router sending out an update to all of the other
Cisco routers.
• Broadcast - In a broadcast, a node sends out a packet that is intended for
transmission to all other nodes on the network.
• Switches -Switches are a fundamental part of most networks. They make it
possible for several users to send information over a network at the same time
without slowing each other down. Just like routers allow different networks to
communicate with each other, switches allow different nodes (a network
connection point, typically a computer) of a network to communicate
directly with one another in a smooth and efficient manner. Hubs provide an
easy way to scale up and shorten the distance that the packets must travel to
get from one node to another, they do not break up the actual network into
discrete segments. That is where switches come in.
• Gateways - A gateway is a fundamentally different type of device than a
router or switch and can be used in conjunction with them. A gateway
makes it possible for an application program, running on a system,
confirming to network architecture, to communicate with an application
program running on a system confirming to some other network
architecture.
• Routers - Router is a device which provides communication possible
between two or more different networks. To allow communication
between two or more different networks present in the same geographical
location.
Basics of Routing
• Routing is the process of moving packets from one network to another
network. Routing involves two basic activities:
 Determining best paths.
 Forwarding Packets through these paths.
 Fig 2.0.1 Network Diagram

2.1 IP ADDRESSING.
• Each host on the internet is assigned a 32-bit integer address called its internet address or
IP address. The clever part of internet addressing is that the integers are carefully chosen
to make routing efficient. Every host and router on the internet has an IP address, which
encodes its network number and host number. The combination is unique: no two
machines have the same IP address. The address is coded to allow a variable allocation
of bits to specify network and host.
• Address Classes
• This encoding provides flexibility in assigning addresses to host and allows a mix of
network sizes on an internet. In particular, the three network classes are best suited to the
following conditions:
• The Following table lists the capabilities for class A, B and C addresses.
Class Network Hosts

A 126 16,777,214
B 16,384 65,534
C 2,097,152 254
• Class D: Reserved for IP Multicasting.
• Class E: Reserved for future use. Addresses beginning with
1111 are reserved for future use.

More about IP address Classes

You can determine which class any IP address is in by
examining the first 4 bits of the IP address.

• Class A addresses begin with 0xxx, or 1 to 126 decimal.

• Class B addresses begin with 10xx, or 128 to 191 decimal.
• Class C addresses begin with 110x, or 192 to 223 decimal.
• Class D addresses begin with 1110, or 224 to 239 decimal.
• Class E addresses begin with 1111, or 240 to 254 decimal.
Private Subnets
• There are three IP network addresses reserved for private networks. The
addresses are:
• 10.0.0.0/8, • 172.16.0.0/12,and
• 192.168.0.0/16 .
Subnetting
• Subnetting an IP Network can be done for a variety of reasons, including
organization, use of different physical media (such as Ethernet, FDDI, WAN,
etc.), preservation of address space, and security. The most common reason
is to control network traffic.
Subnet Masking
• Applying a subnet mask to an IP address allows you to identify the network
and host parts of the address. The network bits are represented by the 1s in
the mask, and the host bits are represented by the 0s.
• Performing a bitwise logical AND operation between the IP address and the
subnet mask results in the Network Address or Number
Supernetting:
• The "classful" system of allocating IP addresses can be very wasteful; anyone
who could reasonably show a need for more that 254 host addresses was
given a Class B address block of 65533 host addresses. Even more
wasteful were companies and organizations that were allocated Class A
address blocks, which contain over 16 Million host addresses! Only a tiny
percentage of the allocated Class A and Class B address space has ever
been actually assigned to a host computer on the Internet.
2.2 IPV6 FEATURES:
The following are the features of the IPv6 protocol:
• New header format
• Large address space
• Efficient and hierarchical addressing and routing
infrastructure
• Stateless and stateful address configuration
• Built-in security
• Better support for QoS
• New protocol for neighboring node interaction
• Extensibility
 CHAPTER-3
BROADBAND
• Broadband indicates a means of connectivity at a high or ‘broad’
bandwidth, which is capable of delivering multiple services simultaneously
• Broadband is the nonspecific term for high-speed digital Internet access. To
state the obvious, ‘broadband’ indicates a means of connectivity at a high
or ‘broad’ bandwidth. There are the various ways to define the broadband: -
• Term for evolving digital technologies that provide customers a high-speed
data network connection
• Provides signal switched facility offering integrated access to voice, data,
video, and interactive delivery services
• The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) defines broadband as an
advanced telecommunications capability
• Delivers services & facilities with an upstream and downstream speed of 200
Kbps or more. Range varies from 512 Kbps to 100 Mbps.
3.1 Broadband Services
High speed Internet
• Means that you are permanently connected to the internet, and don't need
to dial up a connection every time you want to surf the web, send email.
Broadcast (BTV) & Time-shifted TV (TVOD)
• Besides regular BTV services, Time shifted TV provides subscribers with virtual
DVD controls to pause, start, stop, rewind and fast forward live TV programs.
Users also have the flexibility to watch any previous broadcasted programs
without pre-recording.
Video on Demand
Enables the user to select from an online library of content and select any of
the available choices for viewing at a convenient time with full DVD like
controls. This is similar to borrowing a Video for viewing.
Video Multicasting
Similar to cable or terrestrial broadcast – the user can join at any time but the
stream begins and ends at the pre appointed times.
Interactive Gaming
Enables multiple players to play online games pitted against each other or
against computers, through gaming servers employed by gaming content
providers.
Audio and Video Conferencing
Share ideas, information, and applications using video or audio.
Dial VPN Service:
This service allows remote users to access their private network securely over
the service provider’s core network.
Distant Learning
Consists of electronic classrooms with two-way and multi-way communication
among teachers and students.
Bandwidth on Demand:
Customer can change bandwidth as per his / her requirement. For example a
customer with 256 kbps can change to 1 Mbps during the video Conferencing s
Most of these services require the service provider to have tie-ups with the
various content providers.
3.2 Applications of Broadband
• Personal Services: High Speed Internet Access, Multimedia
• Govts. Public Services: E-governance, E-Education, Tele-medecine
• Commercial Services: E-commerence, Corporate Internet,
Videoconferencing. Network Architecture of Broadband
• Network architecture can be broadly classified into three networks:
• Core Network or Provider’s network: It is the Service Provider’s backbone
network set up to provide the Broadband service.
• Access Network: Access network connects subscriber’s home network to the
Provider’s Core network. It is the last mile connecting the subscriber. The
connectivity can be either Wired & Wireless.
• Home Network: It’s the network at subscriber’s premises, connecting his
various communication devices to the broadband line.
Fiber Optic Broadband
• The latest advancement in broadband technology, fibre optic broadband is
promising superfast speeds for all of your daily internet needs.
• Bandwidth - Fibre optic cables have a much greater bandwidth than metal
cables. The amount of information that can be transmitted per unit time of
fibre over other transmission media is its most significant advantage. With the
high performance single mode cable used by telephone industries for long
distance telecommunication, the bandwidth surpasses the needs of today's
applications .
• Low Power Loss - An optical fibre offers low power loss. This allows for longer
transmission distances. In comparison to copper; in a network, the longest
Fig 3.4.1 Optical Fibre
 Chapter: 4
4.1 MOBILE SERVICES
• Mobile Communications Features Any time Anywhere, Standard
Interfaces
• Mobility & Roaming High capacity & subs. density
• Efficient use of radio spectrum Seamless Network Architecture
• Low cost Flexibility
4.2 MULTIPLE ACCESS METHODS
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) :FDMA is a multiple access method
in which users are assigned specific frequency bands. The user has sole right of
using the frequency band for the entire call duration.( Eg: TV broadcasting)
Frequency Division Multiple Access Scheme
Each channel is divided into Frequency slots, each conversation uses one
timeslot
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) :In TDMA an assigned frequency band
shared among a few users. However, each user is allowed to transmit in
predetermined time slots. Hence, channelization of user is achieved through
separation in time. (Eg: GSM)
Time Division Multiple Access
Each channel is divided into timeslots, each conversation uses one timeslot.
Many conversations are multiplexed into a single channel.
Used in GSM.
 4.3 CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (CDMA):
Large number of transmissions are combined on the same RF channel at the
same time but are separated by codes.
Code Division Multiple Access
All users share the same frequency all the time!
To pick out the signal of specific user, this signal is modulated with a unique
code sequence
4.4 ADVANTAGES OF CDMA
• FREQUENCY REUSE
• LARGE COVERAGE
• HIGH PRIVACY
• GOOD VOICE QUALITY
• GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION (GSM)
• In wireless communication every region is divided into cells. Cell size is
constant for whole system. GSM is a form of multiplexing, which divides the
available bandwidth among the different channels. Most of the times the
multiplexing used is either TDM (Time division multiplexing) or FDM
(Frequency Division Multiplexing). SM differs from its predecessor
technologies in that both signaling and speech channels are digital, and
thus GSM is considered a second generation (2G) mobile phone system.
 MAIN FEATURES OF GSM:
• Support for voice and data services
• Better frequency efficiency, smaller cells and more customers per cell
• High audio quality and reliability for wireless, uninterrupted phone calls at
higher speeds (e.g. from cars, trains) i.e. high transmission quality.
• Authentication via chip-card and PIN.
• Worldwide connectivity.
• GSM is already used worldwide with over 450 million subscribers.
• International roaming permits subscribers to use one phone throughout
Western Europe. CDMA will work in Asia, but not France, Germany, the U.K.
and other popular European destinations.
• GSM is mature, having started in the mid-80s. This maturity means a more
stable network with robust features. CDMA is still building its network.
 CHAPTER- 5
FIBER OPTIC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
5.1 INTRODUCTION:
Optical Fiber is new medium, in which information (voice, Data or Video) is
transmitted through a glass or plastic fiber, in the form of light, following the
transmission sequence give below :
• Information is encoded into Electrical Signals.
• Electrical Signals are converted into light Signals.
• Light Travels down the Fiber.
• A Detector Changes the Light Signals into Electrical Signals.
• Electrical Signals are decoded into Information.

FIG 5.1 OPTICAL FIBER TRANSMISSION

(REF- 1)
 ARCHITECTURE OF FIBER:
• The optical fiber has two concentric layers called the core and the cladding.
The inner core is the light carrying part. The surrounding cladding provides the
difference refractive index that allows total internal reflection of light through
the core. The index of the cladding is less than 1%,
• lower than that of the core. Most fibers have an additional coating around
the cladding. This buffer coating is a shock absorber and has no optical
properties affecting the propagation of light within the fiber.

Jacket Jacket

Cladding
Core

Cladding (n 2) Cladding

Core (n 2) Jacket
Light at less than
Angle of Angle of
critical angle is
incidence reflection
absorbed in jacket
Light is propagated by
total internal reflection

FIG 5.2 PROPAGATION OF LIGHT THROUGH FIBRE

CLASSIFICATION:
There are three types of fibers:
• Multimode Step Index fiber (Step Index fiber)
• Multimode graded Index fiber (Graded Index fiber)
• Single- Mode Step Index fiber (Single Mode fiber)
5.4 Advantages of fibre optics:
SPEED: Fiber optic networks operate at high speeds - up into the gigabits.
BANDWIDTH: large carrying capacity.
Energy loss: when compared to all other Tx techniques. This is the most
efficient way of transmission.
 CONCLUSION

• Engineering student will have to serve in the public and private sector
industries and workshop based training and teaching in classroom has
its own limitation. The lack of expo sure to real life, material express and
functioning of industrial organization is the measure hindrance in the
student employment.
• In the open economy era of fast modernization and tough competition,
technical industries should procedure pass out as near to job function as
possible.
• Practical training is one of the major steps in this direction. I did my
training from BSNL KRISHNA SSA which is one of the best known
communication service provider companies of India. The training helps
me in gaining in depth knowledge of the working of telephone
exchange, various technologies of BSNL –GSM, GPRS, Wi-Fiand optical
fiber transmission.
• In the end, I hereby conclude that I have successfully completed my
industrial training on the above topics.
BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
• Data Communication And
Networking- Behrouz A. Foruzan
• Wireless Communication and
Networks-William Stallings
• Computer Networking – Kurose
& Ross

REFERENCES:
• www.bsnl.co.in
• www.newbsnl.co.in