Introduction

 LRR is
 1. new self-calibration procedure for
calibration of vector network
analyzer(VNA).
 VNA measure the complex transmission
and reflection characteristics of
microwave devices.
 VNAs need to be calibrated to eliminate
the systematic errors from complex
measurement results.
Calibration structure
 Consists of partly unknown standards
L= line element
R= reflection standard
 Obstacles= symmetrical reciprocal networks
placed at 3 consecutive positions.
 Can be easily realized by microstrip
technology.
 [G],[H] = systematic errors to be eliminated
during calibration.
Microwave devices
 Devices which operate with a signal
frequency range of 1-300 GHZ.
 Tunnel diode
 Transferred electron device
 Avalanche transit-time devices
Two port network in microwave
frequency range
A microwave system
Various parts
 Transmitter subsystem:-
microwave oscillator
waveguides
transmitting antenna
 Receiver subsystem:-
receiving antenna
waveguide
microwave amplifier
receiver
VNA(vector network analyzer)
REF Signal

Reflectometer Receiver Display system

ToR Signal

External PC
LRR Technique
incident signal
Microwave Microwave
Test set
sources device

REF Signal tra ref

Display system Receiver Reflectometer

External PC
Microstrip lines
 Provide one free and accessible surface
on which solid state device can be
placed.
 It is a parallel plate transmission line.
 Consists of a dielectric substrate, one
face is metalized ground and other face
has a thin conducting strip of certain
width ‘w’ and a thickness ‘t’.
 Merit: such lines are easily fabricated by
printed circuit manufacturing technology.
Figure of microstrip lines
ADVANTAGES

 The complexity of the test fixture can be

reduced.
 The connectors of the VNA do not have
to be placed at different distances than
each other during calibration.
 Enlargement of bandwidth.
 Improved accuracy.
Drawbacks

 Difficult to obtain an obstacle whose

electrical properties must not change
when it is moved.
 More line standards are needed to cover
a wide frequency range.
 An approximate knowledge of circuit
dimensions is necessary in order to
choose the correct solution.
Applications
 In free space systems where the
variation of the antenna positions might
be critical due to change in beam
propagation.
 When test fixtures need to be simple.
 When the connectors of the analyzers
measurement ports cannot be
displaced.
Conclusion
 Advantageous for calibration of VNA
where connectors of VNA ports cannot
be displaced.
 In the LRR method two solutions are
there and depending on the realized
calibration structures, the appropriate
way should be chosen in order to
improve the accuracy.
References
 Samuel.Y.Liao, Microwave devices and circuits, PHI.
 Kulkarni, Microwave and Radar Engineering.
 Cletus A.Hoer, “performance of a dual six-port
automatic network analyzer,” IEEE Transactions
Microwave Theory and Techniques,vol- 27,
No.12,Dec 1979.
 www.networkanalyzer.com
 Ilona Rolfes and Burkhard Schiek, “LRR-A Self-
Calibration Technique for the Calibration of Vector
Network Analyzers,” IEEE Transactions on
instrumentation and measurement, vol 52, No. 2,
pp.316-319, April 2003.
THANK YOU!!
 ANY
QUESTIONS??