CHARACTERISTICS OF BACTERIA

CHARACTERISTICS OF BACTERIA

• No Nucleus
• 2. Presence of Cell wall
• 3.Cell Membrane
• 4. Pilli
• 5. Food dependence
• 6.Reproduction
• 7.Spore Formation
• 8. DANA GYRASE
• 9. Absence of cell organelles
• 10. Flagella presence
EARLY PLANTS AND BACTERIA
• The first land plants appeared around 470
million years ago, during the Ordovician
period, when life was diversifying rapidly.
They were non-vascular plants, like mosses
and liverworts, that didn't have deep roots.
• The earliest photosynthetic organisms on
land would have resembled modern algae,
cyanobacteria, and lichens, followed by
bryophytes (liverworts & mosses, which
evolved from the charophyte group of
green algae). Bryophytes are described as
seedless, nonvascular plants.
PLANT VIRUSES
TABACCO MOSAIC VIRUS

Tobacco mosaic virus is a

positive-sense single
stranded RNA virus, genus
tobamovirus that infects a
wide range of plants,
especially tobacco and other
members of the family
Solanaceae. The infection
causes characteristic
patterns, such as "mosaic"-
like mottling and
discoloration on the leaves
 TOMATO SPOTTED WILT VIRUS
Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is
common and widespread throughout
Australia and affects around 500
species of crops, ornamentals and
weeds. In potatoes, it is particularly
important in seed crops, because it can
be passed on to successive crops in
seed tubers.

TSWV can be carried from one potato

crop to the next through infected seed.
However, some potato varieties are
much more likely to pass on the virus
than others
 TOMARO YELLOW LEAF CURL VIRUS
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is a DNA virus from the
genus Begomovirus and the family Geminiviridae. TYLCV
causes the most destructive disease of tomato, and it can be
found in tropical and subtropical regions causing severe
economic losses. This virus is transmitted by an insect vector
from the family Aleyrodidae and order Hemiptera, the
whitefly Bemisia tabaci, commonly known as the silverleaf
whitefly or the sweet potato whitefly. The primary host for
TYLCV is the tomato plant, and other plant hosts where
TYLCV infection has been found include eggplants, potatoes,
tobacco, beans, and peppers.[1] Due to the rapid spread of
TYLCV in the last few decades, there is an increased focus in
research trying to understand and control this damaging
pathogen. Some interesting findings include virus being
sexually transmitted from infected males to non-infected
females (and vice versa), and an evidence that TYLCV is
transovarially transmitted to offspring for two generations
CUCUMBER MOSAIC VIRUS
Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is a
plant pathogenic virus[1] in the
family Bromoviridae.[2] It is the type
member of the plant virus[3] genus,
Cucumovirus.[4] This virus has a
worldwide distribution and a very
wide host range.[5] In fact it has the
reputation of having the widest host
range of any known plant virus.[6] It
can be transmitted from plant to
plant both mechanically by sap and
by aphids in a stylet-borne fashion. It
can also be transmitted in seeds and
by the parasitic weeds, Cuscuta sp
POTATO VIRUS Y(PVY)

Potato virus Y (PVY) is an aphid-borne virus that

causes yield losses and tuber quality defects in
commercial potato crops.
In seed crops PVY infection increases the risk of the
seed lot being downgraded or rejected from
certification. PVY infects other solanaceous crops
including tomato and capsicum. The infection occurs
in most potato growing areas Australia and overseas.
Strains and symptoms
A number of different strains of PVY can occur. In
Western Australia, the ‘ordinary’ or ‘o’ strain has been
detected in potatoes, however in Victoria and South
Australia the ‘NTN’ strain is present. Other strains
occur overseas.
Symptoms of infection vary with cultivar, plant age,
environmental conditions and PVY strain. Leaf
symptoms can range from mild to severe mosaic or
mottling. In severe cases leaf drop can occur. Infected
plants are often stunted.

Tubers from infected plants are often small and can

have necrotic or dead rings on the skin.
CAULIFLOWER VIRUS

Taxonomic relationship: Cauliflower

mosaic virus (CaMV) is the type
member of the Caulimovirus genus in
the Caulimoviridae family, which
comprises five other genera. CaMV
replicates its DNA genome by reverse
transcription of a pregenomic RNA and
thus belongs to the pararetrovirus
supergroup, which includes the
Hepadnaviridae family infecting
vertebrates.
 Beneficial Bacteria on plants

Certain plants establish a

symbiotic relationship with
bacteria, enabling them to
produce nodules that facilitate the
conversion of atmospheric
nitrogen to ammonia. In this
connection, cytokinins have been
found to play a role in the
development of root fixing
nodules.[3] It appears that not
only must the plant have a need
for nitrogen fixing bacteria, but
they must also be able to
synthesize cytokinins which
promote the production of root
nodules, required for nitrogen
• Soil bacteria are very important in biogeochemical cycles and
have been used for crop production for decades. Plant–bacterial
interactions in the rhizosphere are the determinants of plant
health and soil fertility. Free-living soil bacteria beneficial to plant
growth, usually referred to as plant growth promoting
rhizobacteria (PGPR), are capable of promoting plant growth by
colonizing the plant root. PGPR are also termed plant health
promoting rhizobacteria (PHPR) or nodule promoting
rhizobacteria (NPR). These are associated with the rhizosphere,
which is an important soil ecological environment for plant–
microbe interactions. Symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria include
the cyanobacteria of the genera Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium,
Azorhizobium, Allorhizobium, Sinorhizobium and
Mesorhizobium. Free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria or
associative nitrogen fixers, for example bacteria belonging to the
species Azospirillum, Enterobacter, Klebsiella and Pseudomonas,
have been shown to attach to the root and efficiently colonize
root surfaces.
• PGPR have the potential to contribute to sustainable
plant growth promotion. Generally, PGPR function in
three different ways: synthesizing particular
compounds for the plants, facilitating the uptake of
certain nutrients from the soil, and lessening or
preventing the plants from diseases. Plant growth
promotion and development can be facilitated both
directly and indirectly. Indirect plant growth
promotion includes the prevention of the
deleterious effects of phytopathogenic organisms.
This can be achieved by the production of
siderophores, i.e. small metal-binding molecules.
Biological control of soil-borne plant pathogens and
the synthesis of antibiotics have also been reported
in several bacterial species.
• Another mechanism by which PGPR can inhibit phytopathogens is the
production of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and/or fungal cell wall
degrading enzymes, e.g., chitinase and ß-1,3-glucanase. Direct plant
growth promotion includes symbiotic and non-symbiotic PGPR which
function through production of plant hormones such as auxins,
cytokinins, gibberellins, ethylene and abscisic acid. Production of
indole-3-ethanol or indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), the compounds
belonging to auxins, have been reported for several bacterial genera.
Some PGPR function as a sink for 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate
(ACC), the immediate precursor of ethylene in higher plants, by
hydrolyzing it into α-ketobutyrate and ammonia, and in this way
promote root growth by lowering indigenous ethylene levels in the
micro-rhizo environment. PGPR also help in solubilization of mineral
phosphates and other nutrients, enhance resistance to stress,
stabilize soil aggregates, and improve soil structure and organic
matter content. PGPR retain more soil organic N, and other nutrients
in the plant–soil system, thus reducing the need for fertilizer N and P
and enhancing release of the nutrients.