1

TRADITIONAL
SYSTEMS OF
MEDICINE

PRESENTED BY:-
DR. V.V.N.S.HARSHITHA,
2ND YR PG,
DEPT. OF PUBLIC HEALTH
DENTISTRY
CONTENTS 2

 INTRODUCTION IN PRIMARY HEALTH CARE

 DEFINITION  GLOBAL SCENARIO OF
 HISTORY TRADITIONAL MEDICINE

 CLASSIFICATION  FORMS OF TRADITIONAL

 NATUROPATHY MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE

 AYURVEDA  ROLE OF TRADITIONAL MEDICINE

IN PUBLIC HEALTH
 YOGA
 CHALLENGES
 UNANI
 CONCLUSION
 SIDDHA
 REFERENCES
 HOMEOPATHY
 TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE
 ROLE OF TRADITIONAL MEDICINE
INTRODUCTION 3

 It is a well-known fact that Traditional Systems of medicines always played

important role in meeting the global health care needs.

 Ancient civilizations had their own traditional ways of healing illnesses.

 Many of the traditional medical systems are based on sound fundamental

principles and centuries of practices by healers.

 One common factor noted in several

traditional systems is a holistic approach to the

well-being of a person’s body, mind, and spirit.

DEFINITION 4

 ESSENTIAL MEDICINES:

“are those that satisy the priority health care needs of the population.”

-WHO

 According to World Health Organization (2002: 7),

“Traditional medicine refers to health practices, approaches, knowledge and

beliefs incorporating plant, animal and mineral based medicines, spiritual
therapies, manual techniques and exercises, applied singularly or in
combination to treat, diagnose and prevent illnesses or maintain well-being.”
 History 5

PRIMITIVE MEDICINE

 5000 B.C.

 Rudiments – Asia, Africa, South America,

Australia and Pacific Islands.

 Supernatural theory of disease- mantras for snake bites

leprosy

 Medicine is intermingled with superstition, religion, magic and witchcraft.

 6

CHINESE MEDICINE
• Yang – active
History
 2700 B.C.
masculine
 Two principles  Good
• Yin - negative balance health

feminine

 Pioneers of Immunization
A great doctor is one who
 Barefoot doctors treats not someone who
is already ill but someone
 Acupuncture not yet ill
HISTORY 7

EGYPTIAN MEDICINE

 2000 B.C.

 Picture writing and papyrus recordings Medicine& religion

Physicians=Priests
 IMHOTEP-doctor & divinity

 HOMER- europeans were Best of All

Contributions to PUBLIC HEALTH

• Built planned cities SPECIALIZATION PREVAILED
• Public baths EYE DOCTORS
• Underground drains HEAD DOCTORS
• Small pox inoculation TOOTH DOCTORS
• Mosquito nets
• Association of plague with rats
HISTORY 8

 Disease – due to absorption of harmful substances from intestine which lead

to putrefaction of blood and formation of pus.

 Pulse-speech from the heart

 Medical manuscripts of Egyptians

Manuscript Years Content

Edwin Smith Papyrus 3000-2500 BC Accurately describes
the
partial paralysis
following
cerebral lesions in
skull fractures.

Ebers Papyrus 1150 BC 800 prescriptions on

700 drugs
 9
HISTORY
MESOPOTAMIAN MEDICINE

 Cradle of Civilization-6000 years ago

 Oldest medical prescription 2100 BC

 Babylonian Code of Hammurabi-first codification of medical practice in

2000 BC.
HISTORY 10
GREEK MEDICINE (460BC-136 BC)

Aesculapis1200BC  2 daughters
Hygiea (Goddess of Health) Panacea (Goddess of
Hygienist dynasty-preventive Medicine)
medicine Healer dynasty- curative
medicine

 HIPPOCRATES(460-370 BC)-FATHER OF MEDICINE

 Corpus Hippocraticum

 Hippocratic Oath

 First true epidemiologist-causes of diseases.

Matter-4 elements
11
Element Quality Humor of body
Earth Cold Phlegm
Air Dry Yellow bile
Fire Hot Blood
Water Moist Black bile

Equilibrium=health
HISTORY 12

ROMAN MEDICINE
 First century BC
 Public health was born in Rome- development of baths, sewers, aqueducts,
roads, established hospitals.
 GALEN- 130-205 AD
According to him, Since both in importance and in time,
health precedes disease, so we ought to
 His writings influenced consider first how health may be
European medicine preserved, and then how one may best
cure disease

Anatomist, Vesalius in 1543

Physiologist, William Harvey in 1628
HISTORY 13

7. MIDDLE AGES

500-1500 AD DARK AGE OF MEDICINE of EUROPE

Unani system of Medicine was evolved during this period by Arabs.

Rhazes, arab leader a court physician –

 pupillary reaction to light

 Use mercurial purgatives

 publish first book on Children’s diseases.

 Small pox and measles clinical discrimination

 Greatest contribution to pharmacology

First hospital was built in England in 937 AD

CLASSIFICATION 14

 The modern medicines are classified as per ATC/DDD (Anatomical-

Therapeutic-Chemical/ Daily Defined Dose) by WHO.

 The purpose to serve as a tool for drug utilization research in order to

improve quality of drug use.

1. CHARAK SAMHITA (2nd Century BC) in its Sutrasthana in chapter 4:

Shadvirechanshatashritiya Adyaya explains 50 groups of medicinal
plants classified as per their therapeutic indication.
 The functions and properties of Charak is retained but the representation is
15
made in a classifiable method.

 Each group has 10 plants in it and is called as “Mahakashaya”. Example

of some of the mahakashyas are

Arshoghana Mahakashaya (Herbs used in piles) containing Kutaja

(Holarrhena antidysentrica Wall.),

Bilva (Aegle marmelous Corr.) and

Kandu ghana Mahakashaya (Herbs used in purities) consisting Aaragvadha

(Cassia fistula Linn.)

Karanja (Pongamia glabra Vent.)

CLASSIFICATION 16

2. SUSHRUTA SAMHITA (2nd Century AD) classifies the medicinal plants in

group of drugs as per their therapeutic use.
3. VAGBHATT (6th Century AD) has classified the herbs as per their therapeutic
application and indication. this classification is widely used by traditional
practitioners successfully, indicating the evidence of their practical applicability.
4. RAS-RATNA SAMMUCHAYA (12th Century AD) the metals and minerals
(Rasa and Uprasa) and their formulations are described vividly.
5. SODHAL AND SHARANGDHAR SAMHITAS (12-13th Century) 6. 6.
BHAVPRAKASH (16th Century AD) added new medicinal plants imported by
Moghuls e.g., Papaver somniferum and Chopchini
7. YOGRATNAKAR AND SHALIGRAM NIGHANTU (17 and 18th Century)
added new medicinal plants imported by British e.g., Tobacco
CLASSIFICATION 17

8. PRIYAVRAT SHARMA in his book “Drava-guna vigyan” classifies the

medicinal plants as per their modern pharmacological use. He has classified
the medicinal plants broadly into 14 classes.

9. The Uppsala Monitoring Centre, WHO COLLABORATING CENTRE for

International Drug Monitoring released

“Guidelines for Herbal ATC classification and Herbal ATC Index” in

2004.

The Herbal ATC (HATC) provides an administrative tool for putting groups of
drugs into systems according to therapeutic categories and particularly for
the monitoring of adverse effects of herbal drugs.
CLASSIFICATION 18

 In 1998, De Smet proposed a system for ATC classification of herbal

remedies which is fully compatible with the regular system. With a few
modifications this system was adopted and described in “Guidelines for
Herbal ATC classification”: the Uppsala Monitoring Centre.

 DRUGS – 5 levels (organ or system on which they act and their

properties)
 19

1st LEVEL 14 main groups constituting anatomical groups

designed by the letters A – V

2nd LEVEL Pharmacological/therapeutic subgroup

3rd and 4th Chemical/ pharmacological/ therapeutic.

LEVELS

5TH LEVEL Chemical substance or individual crude drug for

herbal preparation
Forms of traditional medical 20

knowledge.
 In countries such as India, China and many other parts of Asia one can
observe traditional medical knowledge in various forms such as

codified medical systems,  ayurveda, unani and siddha systems

in India

Traditional Chinese medicine

Acupuncture

folk systems,

allied disciplines and

new systems of knowledge.

 NATUROPATHY 21

Henry Lindlahr- father of naturopathy

Mahatma Gandhi- father of Indian Naturopathy

 The word “Naturopathy” has been coined by Dr. John

Scheel in the year 1895 and was propagated and

popularised in the western world by Dr. Benedict Lust.

 Naturopathic medicine grew out of the natural healing

movement-18th and 19th centuries  taking the cure

(Europe)

 Kneipp & Lust- 1890 in US.

 Lust used NATUROPATHY-- describe an eclectic combination of natural

healing doctrines that he envisioned as the future of natural medicine.
 22

 1902- naturopathic medicine school in New York

 Mid-1930s in US - initiated its virtual monopoly of health care and wiped

out nearly every other natural healing modality.

 Dorland’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary defines Naturopathy as “a

drugless system of therapy, making use of physical forces such as air,
light, water, heat, message, etc.

-Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 2013; Vol2, Issue 37,
September 16; Page: 7077-7083.

 1980s & 1990s- tremendous resurgence (increase in public awareness s

of the role of diet and lifestyle in chronic disease and the failure of modern
medicine to deal effectively with chronic disorders)
 23
Fundamental concepts and principles:-

 Approach to healing

 To support and stimulate the body’s own healing

powers.

 Naturopathy aims to correct and restabilize

the condition of the internal and external

environment.
S.NO PRINCIPLE CONCEPT
1. HEALING POWER OF Body has power to heal itself. 24
NATURE Physician should enhance and facilitate the aid
of natural, nontoxic therapies.

2 IDENTIFY AND TREAT seek the underlying cause of a disease.

THE CAUSE the causes may spring from the patient’s
physical, mental/emotional, and spiritual levels.
3 FIRST DO NO HARM employing safe and effective natural therapies.
4 TREAT THE WHOLE whole entity composed of a complex interaction
PERSON of physical, mental/emotional, spiritual, social,
and other factors.
5 THE PHYSICIAN AS to educate, motivate and empower patients to
TEACHER adopt a healthy attitude, lifestyle, and diet.
6 PREVENTION IS THE Prevent the disease by thorough education and
BEST CURE habits to support health
7 ESTABLISH HEALTH HEALTH is defined as the state of optimal
AND WELLNESS physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual well-
being.
WELLNESS is defined as a state of health
characterized by a positive emotional state.
DIAGNOSIS:-
25

 Naturopathy focus on underlying causes rather than disease symptoms.

Interview-medical history & lifestyle

Physical examination

Laboratory tests

X-rays and other conventional diagnostic procedures.

TREATMENT:-

Helps patients to enhance physiologic processes and deal with stress.

Therapies by air, water, fire, space, mud, massage, magneto therapy,

Chromo therapy and acupuncture.

Naturopathy in Dentistry 26

 One aspect of dentistry from a Naturopathic perspective: Essential oils.

ESSENTIAL OILS aroma therapy and herbal
preparations.
Rose oil on the pillowcase increase trust and confidence
Peppermint emotionally, physically and
mentally invigorating.

Lemon antiseptic and anti-viral.

Clove oil (eugenol) sedative for toothaches

Myrrh, Rose, Frankincense and gingivitis and periodontal
Lavender infections
Helichrysum applied with a Q-tip every 15
minutes after periodontal (gum)
surgery will help decrease the
pain.
AYURVEDA 27

 Ayurveda is a Sanskrit word derived from two roots:

ayur - life; and

veda - knowledge.

 Ayurveda, a system of diet, healing and health maintenance, is probably

the oldest science of life.

 It was around 1000 years BC when Ayurvedic fundamentals and its eight
clinical specialities were fully documented in Charaka Samhita and
Sushruta Samhita – the first compendia on Ayurvedic medicine & surgery
respectively.

 Ayurveda - divine origin representing one of the oldest organised system

of medicine for positive health & cure of human sickness.
 28

Eight disciplines are generally called "Ashtanga Ayurveda" and

are:-

 Internal Medicine (Kaya Chikitsa)

 Pediatrics (Kaumar Bharitya)

 Psychiatry (Mano-Roga)

 Otorhinolaryngology and Ophthalmology (Shalakya)

 Surgery (Shalya)

 Toxicology ( Agad Tantra)

 Geriatrics (Rasayana)

 Eugenics and aphrodisiacs (Vajikarana)

 29

 The human body is made up of

 Doshas (Bio-humours),

 Dhatus (Body matrix)

 Malas (excretable products).

 Doshas

 Vata (wind, air) the principle of movement and impulse

 Pitta (bile, fire) the principle of assimilation and transformation

 Kapha (mucus, water) the principle of stability

 These known as Tridoshs are physiological entities of the body which are
responsible for carrying out all the functions of the body.
PRINCIPLES OF AYURVEDA 30

 Universe as well as human body are made up of five basic elements

collectively called ‘Panch Mahabhootas’. These are

 Aakash (Ether),

 Vayu (Air),

 Agni (Fire),

 Aapa (Water)

 Prithvi (Earth).

 The sixth mandatory component of life is Atma (life spirit) without which
life ceases.
 31

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

 Vata aggravation :- roughness, contraction, pinching pain, colic pain,

discoloration of skin, malaise, abnormal movements in the limbs,
fracture, numbness, coldness, dryness, and emaciation.

 Pitta aggravation :- fatigue, sweating, burning sensation, coloration of

skin, foul smell, stickiness, suppuration, anger, incoherent speech,
fainting, and giddiness. It is especially responsible for yellow coloration
of the body.

 Kapha aggravation :- pale appearance, coldness, heaviness, itching,

unconsciousness, abnormal sensations, swelling, excessive exudation,
and cirakriya (delay in action or response).
 32

Diagnosis
 There are eight classic clinical modalities that ayurveda uses for examination.
 These eight important barometers are based on darshanam (observation), sparshanam
(examination by tactile experience), and prashnam (inquiry or questioning).
 Physical examination includes the following:
 nadi—examination of pulse
 mutra—examination of urine
 mala—examination of feces
 jihva—observation of tongue
shabda—observation of the patient’s speech and voice
sparsha—tactile examination or palpation
druga—examination of eyes
akruti—general physical examination of the entire body
 33

 Ayurvedic treatment is focused on establishing a balance of tridosas—

vata, pitta, and kapha.

 Ayurveda emphasizes preventive and healing therapies along with

various methods of cleansing and rejuvenation

 The five basic cleansing methods of panchakarma are as follows:

 1. Vaman—therapeutic vomiting or emesis

 2. Virechan—purgation

 3. Basti—enema

 4. Nasya—elimination of toxins through the nose

 5. Raktamosksha—bloodletting These methods are contraindicated in the

very young and the very old.
 34

 Great emphasis is placed on diet, depending on vata, pitta, and kapha.

Various vegetables and plant products are avoided based on constitution.
Because fear is associated with vata;

anger with pitta; and

 greed, envy, and possession with kapha,

awareness of all negative emotion and techniques to release them are

emphasized.

 Pharmacology in Ayurveda includes herbal preparations depending on the

type of dosa.

 Alfalfa is an anti-inflammatory agent used for sciatica, and

 Aloe vera is a general liver tonic that helps with balance of the tridosa.
35
 36

 According to the Shalyatantra and Shalakyatantra (one of the branches of

Ayurveda)

 For the treatment of these diseases Ayurveda advocates procedures such

as oral cleansing, extractions, excisions, flap surgeries etc., Along with the

treatment of orofacial diseases, Ayurveda recommends some daily use

therapeutic procedures for the prevention of and maintenance of oral health.

These include: 37

 Dant Dhavani (Brushing)- neem, stems of liquorice etc.

 Jivha Lekhana (Tongue scrapping) - Tongue scrapping stimulates the

reflex points of the tongue. Removes bad odor (halitosis). Improves the
sense of taste, stimulate the secretion of digestive enzymes. ideal to
use gold, silver, copper, stainless steel for the scrapping of the tongue.

 Gandoosha (gargling) or oil pulling swishing oil in the mouth for oral and
systemic health benefits.

sunflower oil or sesame oill- Plaque induced gingivitis

 Tissue Regeneration Therapies – amla-cleaning and connective tissue

development.

 bilberry & hawthorn berry- stabilize collagen & strenghthens gums

YOGA 38

 Yoga is a science as well an art of healthy living physically, mentally, morally and
spiritually.
 The ultimate goal of yoga is to achieve a state of balance and harmony between mind
and body.
 In recent times there is a growing awareness among the people about the efficacy and
utility of Yoga and Nature Cure in keeping one fit at physical, mental, emotional, social
and spiritual planes.
Concept
 Yoga takes up the cleansing of the body as the first measure to fight disease. Yoga
performs without the help of any drug i.e. by developing full efficiency and control of
eliminative systems of the body. Which no other system of health care can do.

 Yoga aims at preventing the disease and promoting health by reconditioning the
psycho-physiological mechanism of the individual.
 39

Types of Yoga

 Ashtanga Yoga

 Hatha Yoga

Ashtanga yoga:-

Maharishi Patanjali, rightly called as the "Father of Yoga“.

He advocated the eight fold path of Yoga, popularly known as "Ashtanga

Yoga" for all-round development of human personality. They are – Yama,

Niyama, Asana, Pranayama, Pratyahara, Dharana, Dhyana & Samadhi.

 40

Hatha Yoga

 Svatmarama, who wrote a treatise on this subject after experiencing the

nectar of samadhi (absorption of the soul) as Hatha Yoga Vidya or Hatha
Yoga Pradeepika.

 Hatha Yoga Pradeepika is divided into four chapters or Prakaranas.

 Asanas,

 Pranayama,

 Mudras and Bandhas

 Pratyahara, Dharana, Dhyana and Samadhi

 41
The Indian System of Medicine Department has identified areas whereby Yoga can be
promoted.
(i) To introduce Yoga compulsory for primary
school children in phased manner through the
Ministry of Human Resource Development.
(ii) To popularise short term training courses in
Yoga for stress management being conducted by
leading yoga institutions.
(iii) To promote the establishment of a separate yoga section in all major Hospitals in
consultation with State Government/Uts.
(iv) To popularise yoga through electronic media
(v) Holding Workshop for the purpose of sensitising Medical Council of India and Allopathic
physicians about the advantage of Yoga.
(vi) To introduce Yoga in Government Offices and in factories and other work places.
YOGA IN DENTISTRY 42

 Yoga is effective in prevention of dental diseases by

 improving the life style, reducing the stresses and reducing

the gingival inflammation.

 It also helps in improving the motivation for mechanical

plaque control (tooth brushing).

 Yoga involves mind body relaxation techniques (pranayama &

meditation) along with mild to moderate physical exercise (Asanas).

 Regular practice of yoga reduces the resting levels of inflammatory

cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6.

 Good healthy gingiva can be achieved with the regular practice of yoga.

 International Journal of Dentistry Research 2017; 2(1): 18-21

UNANI 43

 The foundations of the Unani system of medicine were laid by Hippocrates

(460 B.C.) and later by Galen.

 Unani medicine believes in Promotion of Health, prevention of diseases

and cure.

 Principals of Unani the body is made up of the four Basic elements

Earth, Air, Water, Fire which have

different Temperaments

Cold, Hot, Wet, Dry.

Hot Wet, Hot Dry, Cold Wet, and Cold Dry.

 44

Six essentials are

 Atmospheric Air

 Drinks and Food

 Sleep and Wakefulness

 Excretion and Retention

 Physical activity and rest

 Mental activity and Rest.

DIAGNOSIS : Pulse (Nabz),

Physical examination of the Urine and Stool.

TREATMENT : Diseases are treated in the following ways
45
Ilajbil Tadbeer (Regimenal Therapy) : Drugless regimens
Exercise, Massage, Hamam (Turkish Bath), Douches (Cold and Hot) and the
Regimen for Geriatrics.
Ilajbil Ghiza (Dietotherapy) : Different diets are recommended for the
patients of different diseases.
 Ilajbil Dava (Pharmaco-therapy) : The basic concept of treatment is to
correct the cause of the disease.
 There are two types of compound drugs used in the treatment of the
diseases.
Classical compound drugs which are in use for the hundreds and
thousands years and
Patent/Proprietary compound drugs which have been formulated by the
individuals or institutions as per their research and experiences
UNANI IN DENTISTRY 46

 Many Unani physicians advocate use of herbal formulations in their Usool-

e-Ilaj (Unani principles for treatment) for the prevention and management
Miswak (Salvadora Persica),
of dental health.
Haldi (Curcuma longa),
Anar (Punicagranatum),
Aqarqarha (Anacyclus pyrethrum),
Suddab (Rutagraveolens),
Amla (Emblica Officinalis),
Aqaqia (Acacia nilotica),
Shahad (Honey),
Lehsun (allium sativum),
Aspaghol (Plantagoovata Forsk),
Babuna (Matricariachamomilla Linn.),
Clove (syzygiumaromaticum) etc.
SIDDHA 47

HISTORY:

 The Siddha was flouriest in south and Ayurveda

prevalent in the north.

 According to the tradition,

LORD NANDI
PARVATI
SHIVA DEVA

 The origin of Siddha system of medicine is

attributed to the great Siddha Agastiyar.

3 7 basic Waste
humours tissues products
 48

 This system also deals with the concept of salvation in life.

Materia Medica

 A rich and unique treasure of drug knowledge in which use of metals and
minerals and their therapeutic properties.

 MATERIA MEDICA can be formed from the detailed drug classification,

briefly described below :
25 varieties of water-soluble
inorganic compounds called
‘UPPU.
64 varieties of mineral drugs
that do not dissolve in water but
emit, vapours when put in fire.
(32 natural)
 49

DIAGNOSIS:-
 Identification of causative factors

 The examination of pulse, urine, eyes, study of voice, colour of body,

tongue and the status of the digestive system.

 It is holistic in approach and the diagnosis involves the study of person

as a whole as well as his disease.

TREATMENT:-

 The Siddha System of Medicine the patient, environment, the

meteorological consideration, age, sex,
oriented not merely to disease race, habits, mental frame, habitat, diet,
appetite, physical condition, physiological
but has to take into account constitution etc.
 50

The Siddha System also deals with the problems affecting the women’s
health.

 1st day of the girl child.

 strongly advocates breast feeding up to the first three months of the life.

 the principle of “Food itself is medicine” and

 Nursing & lactating  food rich in iron, protein and fiber so as to prevent
any nutritional disorders both to the child as well as the mothers.

 Once in 15 days, the mothers are advised

to take simple remedies for de –worming

so that they may not land up in

anaemic conditions.
HOMEOPATHY 51

 Rapidly growing system and is being practiced almost all over the world.

 The word ‘Homoeopathy’ is derived from two Greek words,

‘Homois’ meaning similar and

‘pathos’ meaning suffering.

 Homoeopathy simply means treating diseases with remedies, prescribed in

minute doses, which are capable of producing symptoms similar to the
disease when taken by healthy people.

 It is based on the natural law of healing- "Similia Similibus Curantur" which

means "likes are cured by likes".
 Dr. Samuel Hahnemann (1755-1843) gave it a scientific basis in
52

the early 19th century.

 In the process of homeopathic healing, the life energy (‘‘vital force’’),

identified by Hahnemann to be the principal source of health and illness,
that was disturbed in the disease can be restored.

 Homeopathy is based on five main concepts or laws developed by

Hahnemann in the 1790s:
• the Law of Similars,
• the Law of the Minimum Dose,
• the Totality of Symptoms,
• the Law of the Single Remedy, and
• the Law of Cure.
• The Law of Similars is based on the
principle of ‘‘like cures like.’’
 53

Homoeopathy entered India in 1839 when Dr. John Martin Honigberger

was called to treat Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the ruler of Punjab, for
paralysis of vocal cords and oedema.

National Health Policy & Homoeopathy

 The National Health Policy as passed by the Indian Parliament assigns to

the Indian Systems of Medicine and Homoeopathy an important role in the
delivery of primary health care and envisages its integration in the over all
health care delivery system, specially in the preventive and promotive
aspects of health care in the context of the national target of achieving
"Health for all by 2000 AD".
 54

Concepts and Principles

Homoeopathy is the system of treatment based on demonstrable laws and

principles, which are 31

a) The Law of Similars - It is also called the Law of Cure. i.e. let likes be
treated by likes.

Eg:-the effects of peeling an onion are very similar to the symptoms of

acute cold. The remedy prepared from the red onion, Allium cepa, is used to
treat the type of cold in which the symptoms resemble those we get from
peeling onion.

This law demonstrates that the selected remedy is able to produce a

range of symptoms in a healthy person similar to that observed in the
patient, thus leading to the principle of SIMILIA SIMILIBUS CURENTUR
 55

b)The Law of Single Remedy - This law directs to choose and administer

such a single remedy, which is most similar to the symptom complex of the

sick person at a time.

c)The Law of Minimum Dose - The similar remedy selected for a sick

should be prescribed in minimum dose, so that when administered there is

no toxic effects on the body. It just acts as a triggering and catalytic agent to

stimulate and strengthen the existing defense mechanism of the body. It

does not need to be repeated frequently.

General Guidelines to Increase the effectiveness of Homeopathic 56

Remedies

 Homeopathic remedies should not be touched.

 Directly from the container into the mouth.

 Under the tongue and allowed to dissolve.

 No food ----20 mins-----.

 Do not store the homeopathic remedies

in areas that contain such products as

ether, camphor, perfumes or other highly volatile substances.

 When the symptoms start to abate or resolve, discontinue the homeopathic

remedy.
 The use of homeopathy is more limited in dentistry than medicine.
57

 Homeopathy can be integrated into the practice of dentistry

either to replace conventional drugs or

to act on instances for which there is no conventional alternative.

USE IN DENTISTRY:-

 gum abscesses, gum disease.

 the fatigue and rather shaky feeling after a long appointment such as
multiple crowns, occlusal equilibration and oral surgery.

 reduces the swelling and bruising after extractions and assist the body to
heal more quickly.

 toothache

 Herpes lesions
 58
TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE
 Understanding of the human body is based on the holistic understanding of
the universe.

 The treatment of illness is based primarily on the diagnosis and

differentiation of syndromes.

 Zang-fu : organs as the core of the human body.

 Tissue and organs are connected through a network of channels and blood
vessels inside human body.

 Qi (or Chi) : a dysfunction of the zang-fu organs may be reflected on the

body surface through the network.
 59

 Traditional Chinese medicine treatment starts with the analysis of the

entire system.

 Correction of pathological changes through readjusting the functions of the

zang-fu organs.

 The clinical diagnosis and treatment in Traditional Chinese Medicine are

mainly based on the yin-yang and five elements theories.

 Apply the phenomena and laws of nature to the study of the physiological

activities and pathological changes of the human body and its

interrelationships .
 60

 The typical TCM therapies include acupuncture, herbal medicine,

and qi-gong exercises.

 With Acupuncture treatment is accomplished by stimulating certain areas

of the external body.

 Herbal medicine acts on zang-fu organs internally

 Qi-gong tries to restore the orderly information flow inside the network
through the regulation of Qi.
Role of Traditional Medicine in
Primary Health Care 61

 Access to appropriate healthcare is increasingly being acknowledged as a

human right through international instruments such as the United Nations
Human Rights Commission, Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and
the World Health Organization (WHO).

 Diversity, flexibility, easy accessibility, broad continuing acceptance in

developing countries and increasing popularity in developed countries,
relative low cost, low levels of technological input, relative low side effects
and growing economic importance are some of the positive features of
traditional medicine (WHO 2002).
GLOBAL SCENARIO OF
62
TRADITIONAL MEDICINE
 WHO has recently published the global atlas of traditional complementary and
alternative medicine is the first attempt to compile comprehensive information
on traditional medicine.

 AFRICAN REGION : Only 50% of population has access to essential health

care while 80% rely on African traditional medicines which are predominantly
plant based.

 WHO and African Summit support the research and integration in the
management of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and other infectious diseases.

 AMERICAN REGION : there is high use of traditional medicine through folk

healers such as herbalists, masseurs, bonesetters and spiritual therapists by
these indigenous populations in Latin America.

 -Yokohama Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. 14 No. 6

 63

TCM:- use is also increasing steadily in the form of herbal therapy, acupuncture,
chiropractic, homeopathy, massage and spiritual therapies.
South East Asian region (SEAR) :-
 Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, Homeopathy, yoga, naturopathy, Tibetan medicine,
Jamu medicine, Thai medicine and Koryo medicine are the prominent medical
systems apart from the rich folk medical practices. It is estimated that 70─80%
of the population use TCAM.
 India, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand and to some extent Sri Lanka have
incorporated TCAM into the public health system.
 United Kingdom is the only country with a dedicated public sector hospital for
TCAM i.e. homeopathy.
 -Yokohama Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. 14 No. 6
 64

 EUROPEAN REGION:-

In Western Europe revival of TCAM is due to the “green” life style interests
and new images of doctor-patient relationships.

Now through out EUR there is a trend towards legalizing TCAM practitioners
and introducing regulation and licensing systems and many countries have
established national departments or bodies.

 EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGION:

In Eastern Mediterranean region (EMR), traditional medicine is divided

among popular knowledge, healers/oral traditions, codified systems and
TCAM therapies.

 -Yokohama Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. 14 No. 6

ROLE OF TRADITIONAL
65
MEDICINE IN PUBLIC HEALTH
 Inadequacies in health systems

 Unavailable or unaffordable, public continue to rely on traditional

medicines which are based on locally available natural resources and
cultural knowledge.

 In a public health context, availability, accessibility, affordability, utility,

quality, efficiency and equity have relevance in respective order in
promotion of traditional medicine.
 Role of TCAM in Communicable Diseases- In communicable diseases
66
such as malaria, HIV, traditional medicine has proved its significance.

 A recent survey showed that 78% of patients living with HIV/AIDS in the
USA use CAM medicines.

 Folk healers continue to play a key public health role contributing to

availability of human resources in countries where the population to
physician ratio is high.
CHALLENGES 67

 INTERNATIONAL DIVERSITY –

The parallel advance of international standards and methods for evaluation.

 NATIONAL POLICY AND REGULATION-

Regulating traditional medicine products, practices and practitioners is

difficult due to variations in definitions and categorizations of traditional
medicine therapies.

 SAFETY, EFFECTIVENESS AND QUALITY

 KNOWLEDGE AND SUSTAINABILITY

 PATIENT SAFETY AND USE

 68

7 BODY TISSUES

3 humors:
• Vata
• Pitta
• kapha
 A triple blinded randomised control trial was conducted among 285
69
students of Teerthanker Mahaveer Medical College by Gupta D et al.
108 volunteers were randomly allocated into the three study groups.
 1- (n = 36)  4% Ocimum sanctum mouthwash
 2 (n = 36)  0.12% Chlorhexidine 10 ml twice a day

 3 (n = 36) was the placebo control group and

Saline water was given as the mouthwash.
BASELINE 15 days 4 weeks
• more cost effective
The difference between Ocimum sanctum• and the placebo group and
easily available
chlorhexidine and the placebo group was•significant
no known side
(P <effects
0.05).
• Safe to use for longer
Placebo group  the slight increase in plaque was found.
duration.

Hence, Ocimum sanctum mouthwash is

- J Ayurveda Integr Med 2014; 5(2): 109-116
 Subramaniam P. et al conducted in vitro study to evaluate and compare
70
the antibacterial effect of pomegranate and aloe vera extracts
on Streptococcus mutans.
 Extracts were prepared to concentrations of 5, 25, 50 and 100%.
 Pomegranate extract showed significantly higher inhibitory effect on
S.mutans at all concentrations (P≤0.05)
 On comparison of all three extracts at different concentrations, a significant
difference (P≤0.05) was observed only at 50 and 100% concentrations.
The inhibitory effect of pomegranate extract was significantly different
when compared to aloe vera and sorbitol extracts. (P≤0.01).
 Since pomegranate pulp extract showed inhibition of S mutans growth
even at low concentrations, it could be incorporated in tooth wipes for
infants or in an alcohol free mouth rinse.
-Dent Hypotheses 2012; 3(3): 99-105
 Comparative evaluation of Turmeric and Chlorhexidine Gluconate Mouthwash in
prevention of plaque formation and gingivitis was done by Nagunuri D among patients
71

visiting OPD, CODS, Davangere, Karnataka.

 Double-blind randomized controlled trial.
 Plaque Index, Gingival Index, Gingival bleeding Index.
 Test group- 30 patients 0.1% turmeric mouthwash
 Control group- 30 patients 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash.
 0-21 days
 A consistent reduction in scores of all 3 parameters from baseline to 3 weeks was
observed.
 Hence it is concluded that 0.1% turmeric mouthwash COMPOSITION
• Turmeric extract-
Possess anti plaque and anti inflammatory properties.
0.1%
• Peppermint oil
• Chloroform
water
• water

CODS J Dent 2016;8(1):16-20

ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS
72
OF AYURVEDA
 Ayurveda can be grouped under follow headings

1. Drug interaction (Viruddadravyaprayoga)

2. Iatrogenic (Vaidhyakruti)

3. Over dose (Atimatradravyaprayoga)

4. Administration of unwholesome drugs (Ahitatamadravyas)

5. Administration of medicine in diverse pathological stages

(Avastanusaradravyaprayoga)

6. Therapeutic procedural complications (Panchakarmavyapad)

7. Improper use of Rasaushadi (Medicines of mineral origin)

To prevent the drug-induced illness 73

GMP (Good Clinical Practices) concern on administration,

 prescription of expired medicines,

 knowledge of inappropriate drug,

 examination of patient and disease before prescription (Roga pareeksha).

 Qualities of excellent medicine are, those which are effective in small

dose, therapeutically active, have multiple utility, do not produce any ADR,
easily digestible and acceptable.

 GMP guidelines in Ayurveda

 74

It begins from standardization of raw material to finish product, which are

identification of raw drugs.

Quality checking,

method of storage and

method of preparation.
AYUSH GUIDELINES for Drug Quality :- AFI (Ayurvedic formulary of India)
75
developed by dept of AYUSH (Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha) and CCRAS (Central council for
Research in Ayurveda and Siddha).
to minimize the ADR and success in therapeutic, one must assess
the ‘Constitution (Prakriti)’,
‘Age (Vaya)’,
‘disease (Vikruti)’,
‘tolerance (Satmya)’,
‘capacity for exercise (Vyayamashakti)’,
‘tissue quality (Saara)’,
‘physical proportion (samhanana)’ and strength (Bala),
Tripod patient examination (Trividapareeksha),
six types of disease examination (Shadvidapareeksha),
eight and ten different types of patient examinations (Ashtavida and
Dashavidapareeksha).
 76

 Ayurvedic pharmacology also include

time of drug administration (Aushadasevanakaala),
drug adjuvant (Anupaana) and
diet/ regimen restrictions (Pathya-apathyasevana) for proper, effective and
specific action on target site.
 Hence, it is duty of physician to use his
‘source of knowledge’ (Yukti),
‘Purpose of the use of knowledge’ (Artha) and
‘Subject where knowledge is used’ (Abhipretya) while handling these drugs
or diet.
 The Dept. of AYUSH and MoH&FW (Ministry of health and Family
77
welfare) has recently initiated Pharmacovigilance programme

for ASU drugs.

• National Pharmacovigilance Resource Centre for Ayurveda, Siddha and

Unani Drugs (NPRC-ASU)
• National Pharmacovigilance Program (NPP-ASU)

Int J Ayurveda Res. 2010 Oct-Dec; 1(4): 197–198

AYUSH 78

FORMATION:-
March 1995- Dept. of Indian System of Medicine & Homeopathy

November 2003- Dept of AYUSH

9th NOVEMBER

NRHM came into play in 2005 but implemented at ground level in 2006 and
introduced the concept of “mainstreaming of AYUSH and revitalization of
local health traditions” to strengthen public health services.

Ayu. 2015 Jan-Mar; 36(1): 5–8

Punarvadu Mandur AYUSH drug in ASHA kit
AYUSH in PHCs 79

Specialty Clinics/Wards –
 Ksharasutra clinic for anorectal disorders and
 Panchakarma therapy unit for intensive and specialized treatment
 School Yoga program and Yoga camp-Orissa, Punjab , AP.
 SUPOSHANAM- community nutritional program for tribal women in Rajasthan.
 Madhya Pradesh and Tripura mentioned an innovative program of AYUSH
call .
 Outreach activities - Jharkhand, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu-Kashmir and
Orissa- mobile medical units.
 Establishment of AYUSH epidemic cell – Tamil Nadu and Kerala are using
AYUSH services for prevention and control of epidemics, e.g. use of
Homoeopathy for controlling Chikungunya outbreak.
 Rapid action epidemic cell of homoeopathy is a major AYUSH initiative
highlighted in Kerala.
 “Ayurved Gram” in Chattisgarh,
80

 “Dadi Maa Ki Batua” in Jammu and Kashmir which plans to include home
remedies in AYUSH drug kit.
 Madhya Pradesh has mentioned about “Gyan Ki Potli,”  use home
remedies that are accessible and affordable for various ailments.
 Haryana has planned courses on local health traditions for unemployed
youth.
 Government of India has recognized some of the principles and
therapeutics of Ayurveda as a mode of intervention to some of the
community health problems.
 These include Ksharasutra therapy for anorectal disorders,
Rasayana Chikitsa (rejuvinative therapy) for senile
degenerative disorder, etc.
 81

Ayu. 2015 ; 36(1): 5–8

 82

Punarv
RBSK adu
AYUSH docs in Mandur
mobile team
Mainstreaming
of AYUSH by
NHRM in 2005
Docs on
contract basis

Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine -j.jtcme.2016 1-11.

CONCLUSION 83

 Traditional medical knowledge is widely prevalent around the world and

the larger public has integrated them for their various health need.

 There is scant data on utilization of TM and a dearth of research policy

and good integration models in the sector.

 It is essential not to romanticize TM use but seriously consider issues of

safety, efficacy and quality, access and rational use.

 Integrate them into the mainstream health system without compromising

the diversity and unique aspects.
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