Steam Turbines: Parta

Steam Turbines_Part A_Nozzle
Steam Turbines
Part A –
Nozzle
Applied Thermodynamics – II
S.Y. B. Tech.
ME0207 SEM – IV
Mechanical Engineering
ME0207 SEM-IV Applied Thermodynamics – II S. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.

Outline
• Steam Nozzle – Isentropic flow of Steam through Convergent and
Convergent-Divergent Nozzles.
• Nozzle efficiency, Velocity Co-efficient.
• Use of Steam Tables and Mollier Chart.

Introduction
Nozzle : Passage of continuously varying cross section, by means of which the
Pressure Energy (Pr. Head) of the working fluid is converted into Kinetic
Energy (Velo. Head).
Use : To produce a Jet of Steam for driving the Steam Turbine.

Introduction

Introduction
Expansion : P1 ↓ P3
Enthalpy, h
h1 ↓ h3
P = Const
2
V1 ↑ V3
Saturation Line
3
υ1 ↑ υ3
Entropy, s
Condensation Change in Dry. Fraction.

Introduction
Mass Flow Rate @ any C/s. = Const.

Enthalpy, h
1 C/s. of Nozzle α 1. Velo., V.

2. Sp. Vol., υ.
P = Const 3. Dry. Fraction, x.

2
Saturation Line C/s. of Nozzle α 1. Circular.

3
2. Rectangular.
Entropy, s 3. Elliptical.
4. Square.

Introduction
Equation used to determine the Shape of the Channel for Subsonic / Supersonic
Isentropic Flow.
dP  V 2  dP
dA
  1   
A  V 2  c 2   V 2
1  M 2
 
Subsonic Subsonic
M<1 M<1
dV > 0 dV < 0
dP < 0 dP > 0
dA < 0 dA > 0
Nozzle / Diffuser /
Converging Nozzle Diverging Nozzle
Introduction
M=1:
Flow Area attains minimum value…!!
Throat condition.
i.e. Smallest Section of the Nozzle..!!
Conversing – Diversion Nozzle..!!
M<1 M=1 M>1

Throat

Flow of Steam through Nozzle

Flow of Steam : Adiabatic
Expansion : P1 ↓ P3
h1 ↓ h3
V1 ↑ V3
Throat
Enthalpy, h
Actually, Friction between Steam & sides

1
of Nozzle Heat…!!
P = Const Dry. Fraction, x3 ↑.

2
Saturation Line
Supersaturation :
3
Time Lag in the Condensation of
Entropy, s Steam during Expansion.

Continuity Equation & Mach Number

Mach No. M, defined as :
V V = Flow Velocity, (m/sec)

M
c c = Velocity of Sound, (m/sec)
Let, m = Mass Flow Rate of Steam, (kg / sec).

A = C/s. Area of Nozzle @ any section, Normal to Flow Direction, (m2).
υ = Sp. Vol. of steam @ C/s., (m3 / kg).
V = Uniform velo. @ C/s., (m / sec).
Continuity Equation Mass Flow Rate @ any C/s. = Const.
 A1 V1 A2 V2
m   Const.
1 2
Steady Flow Energy Equation

Steady Flow Energy Equation :
Energy I/p. to C.V. = Energy O/p from C.V.

P1 1
V1 W2 P2
T1 Principle of Conservation of Energy /
υ1 V2
CV T2 (I Law of Thermodynamics) :
u1
υ2
Q u2 E  Q  W e  q  w
0 0
 u  e pot  ekin  ....  q   wexp  welect  wstir 


2 

 u2  u1   g z2  z1   V2  V1   q   P2  2  P1 1   w
1 2
 2 
P1 1
V1 W2 P2
T1
υ1 V2
CV T2
u1
υ2 Steady Flow Energy Equation
u2 for Nozzle Flow :
Q
2 2
V1 V2
P1 1  u1   gz1  q  P2  2  u2   gz2  w
2 2


2 2
V1 V2
P1 1  u1   gz1  q  P2  2  u2   gz2  w
2 2
h1 h2
2 2
V1 V2
h1   gz1  q  h 2   gz 2  w
2 2
2 2
V1 V2
h1   q  h2  w ….ΔPE = Negligible…z1 = z2
2 2
2 2
V1 V2
h1   h2  ….No Heat Supplied, No Work Done
2 2 (q = 0 and w = 0)

2 2
V1 V2
h1   h2 
2 2
 h1  h 2  
2 2
V2 V1 ….Gain in K.E. = Loss in Enthalpy…!!
2 2
V2  2(h1  h 2 )  V1
2
V2  2(h1  h 2 ) 1000 …. Steam Expansion from Rest, V1 = 0

1000 to convert kJ/kg to J / kg.
V2  44.72 (h1  h 2 ) …. (m / sec).

Example 1
Dry and saturated steam enters a nozzle at a pressure of 11 bar and velocity of 80 m / sec.
the discharge pressure is 5 bar and velocity is 500 m / sec. The quantity of steam flowing is
2 kg / sec. and the heat loss from the nozzle is 8 kJ / sec. Determine the final dryness
fraction of the steam.
2 2
V1 V2
h1   q  h2  w
2 2
2 2
V1 V2
h1   q  h2  ….q is (–) ve, w = 0
2 2
(8)  kJ sec   kJ 
q     (4)  
2  sec kg   kg 

Example 1….cntd.
11 bar, Dry and Saturated steam ≡ 2781.7 kJ / kg.
2 2
V1 V2
h1   q  h2 
2 2
 kJ  802  m2   kJ  5002  m2 
2781.7     2   4   h 2   2
 kg  2  sec   kg  2  sec 
 kJ 
h 2  2655.9    h f 2  x2  h fg2
 kg 
h 2  640.2  x2  2108.5 x 2  0.956 ….ANS

Example 2
Estimate the rate of flow of steam for a steam turbine which uses convergent nozzle. The
expansion of steam is isentropic. The nozzle area of exit is 30 cm2. At inlet to the nozzle,
the steam is at 6 bar and 260 ºC. The exit pressure is 4 bar. Neglect the velocity of
approach. Find the condition of the steam at exit.
Using Mollier Chart,

Enthalpy, h
1 6 bar, 260 ºC ≡ h1 = 2980 kJ / kg.

P = 6 bar
Isentropic Expansion ≡ Vertical line up to 4 bar.

P = 4 bar
Saturation Line
2 h2 = 2888 kJ / kg.
Superheated Steam..!!
t2 = 210 ºC.
Entropy, s ….ANS

Example 2….cntd.
V1 = 0….given
Enthalpy, h
1 P = 6 bar
V2  44.72 (h1  h 2 )
P = 4 bar
V2  44.72 (2980  2888)
V2  428.95
Saturation Line
3 m / sec
Entropy, s Sp. Vol. @ 4 bar, 210 ºC ≡ υ2 = 0.5588 m3 / kg.
 (30 104 ) [m 2 ]  428.95[m / sec]

 2.302 kg / sec ….ANS
A2 V2
m 
2 0.5588[m / kg]3

Nozzle Efficiency
Ideal Assumptions : A. 1 – D Flow
B. Adiabatic Flow
C. Reversible Isentropic Flow
Fluid Friction @ Wall
Viscous Boundary Layer Reheat of Steam
Actual Flow : Irreversible …!!!

Turbulence
Boundary Detached
Layer Flow

Nozzle Efficiency
Effect of Friction : 1. ∆ h ↓.
2. V2 ↓.
3. x2 ↑.
P01
h01 01 P02 4. s2 ↑.
Enthalpy, h
2
V1
Pi 2 5. υ2 ↑.
h1 1
V2
2
V 2S
2 6. m2 ↓.
V 2  V1 V 2S  V1
2 2 2 2
2 2
h1  h2  h1  h2S 
2 2
2 P2
h2
h2S
Entropy, s
Nozzle Efficiency
Actual KE @ Exit
Nozzle Efficiency , N 
KE @ Exit with Isentropic Flow
P01
V V
2 2
h01 01 P02 N  2 2 1 2
Enthalpy, h
V2 S  V1
Pi
h1 1 Actual Ethalpy Drop

Nozzle Efficiency , N 
Enthlpy Drop with Isentropic Flow
h1  h 2
N 
2 P2
h1  h 2 S
h2
h2S
T1  T 2
Entropy, s NOTE : For Gas Nozzle : N 
T1  T 2 S
Nozzle Efficiency
V2  2( h1  h 2 )  V1
2
Actual Steam Velocity @ Exit :
V2  2 N ( h1  h 2 S )  V1
2
V2  44.72  N ( h1  h 2 S )
…. Steam Expansion from Rest, V1 = 0.
…. (m / sec).
Generally, 0.85 < ηN < 0.95

Nozzle Efficiency
Nozzle Efficiency, ηN α 1. Nozzle Material.
2. Smoothness of Nozzle.
3. Size and Shape of Nozzle.
4. Angle of Nozzle Divergence.
5. Fluid Velocity.
6. Turbulence in Nozzle Flow.

Nozzle Velocity Coefficient
Actual Velocity @ Exit

Nozzle Velocity Coefficient , k N 
Isentropic Velocity @ Exit
V2
kN 
V2 S
Actual Enthalpy Drop

Nozzle Velocity Coefficient , k N 
Isentropic Ethalpy Drop
h1  h2
kN 
h1  h2 S
kN  N

Nozzle Velocity Coefficient

Nozzle Coefficient, kN α 1. Nozzle Dimensions.
2. Roughness of Nozzle Walls.
3. Fluid Velocity.
4. Turbulence in Nozzle Flow.
Nozzle Coefficient, kN : Sr. No. Value Condition
1. 0.93 – 0.94 Roughly Cast Nozzle
2. 0.95 – 0.96 Thorough Cast + Machined Nozzle
3. 0.96 – 0.97 Smoothly Milled Nozzle

Actual Mass Flow Rate m act
Coefficient of Disch arg e,CD   
Isentropic Mass Flow Rate m
isen

Discharge of Mass through Nozzle
Assumptions : 1. Adiabatic Flow
2. Frictionless Flow (i.e. Reversible)

1
P1
dP Given : 1. C/s. Area, A
(kPa)
υ 2. Pressure, P2
PV n  C
2
P2
To Find : Mass Flow Rate, m
υ1 (m3/kg) υ2
 A2 V2
Continuity Equation : m
2


V2  V1
2 2 P1
Momentum Equation :    dP
2 P2
1 1
P1 C  n
P2 2  C    
n
dP Isentropic Flow :
P
(kPa)
υ PV n  C 1 1
 C  P
n
n
2
P2
Adiabatic Index, n : Value Condition

υ1 (m3/kg) υ2
1.135 Dry, Saturated Steam
1.3 Superheated Steam
γ Gases


P1 P1
  1

1  n 1
 P   P 
n n
1 1
    P2
P1 P1 1 1 P1 1 1
  dP   C P dP  C  P dP  C  C 
n n n n n P 2 n
 1   n  1
 n  1
P2 P2 P2
 n 
1
P1
1

n
Cn  P nn1  P nn1 
dP n 1  1 2 
(kPa)
n  n 1 n 
1 1
υ PV n  C n 1
  P1 n  1 P1  P2 n   2 P2 
n
P2
2 n 1  
υ1 (m3/kg) υ2 
n
P1 1  P2  2 
n 1

V2  V1
2 2 P
P1 1  P2 2 
1
n
   dP 
2 P2
n 1
2
V2

n
P1 1  P2 2  …. Steam Expansion from Rest, V1 = 0.
2 n 1
V2  2
n
P1 1  P2 2 
n 1
1
 P2  n
P1 1  P2  2  C   2  1  
n n
Isentropic Flow :
 P1 



m
A2 V2

A2
2
n
P1 1  P2 2 
2 1
n 1
 P2  n
1  
 P1 
 n 1

 A2 n   P2  n 
m 2 P1 1 1   
1
n 1   P1  
 P2  n
 
1  
 P1 
 n 1

 A2 n 2   P2  n 
m 2 P1 1  1 1   
1
n 1   P1  
 P2  n
 
 
 P1 

 n 1
 2
 n 1

 A2 n P1   P2  n  A n P1  P2  n
1   P2 
n

m 2 1    2   
1
n  1 1   P1   2
n  1 1  P1    P1  
 P2  n
   
 
 P1 
 2 n 1 2
 
 n P1  P2   P2  n
n n

m  A2 2      
n  1 1  P1   P1  
 
 2 n 1

 n P1  P2  n  P2  n 
m  A2 2      
n  1 1  P1   P1   …Discharge of Mass through Nozzle..!!
 

Throat / Critical Pressure

Critical Pressure : Pressure @ which Area is minimum OR,
Discharge per unit Area is maximum.
  2 n 1

m n P1  P2  n  P2  n 
 2      
A2 n  1 1  P1   P1  
 
 2 n 1


  P2  n  P2  n 
m  f     
 P1   P1  
 

dm
0 …for maximum Discharge of Mass.
d  P2 
 P1 

 2 n 1

 P2    P2  0
d n n
 P2   P1   P1  
d   
 P1
d  2 n 1
0
r n  r  n …Let, (P2 / P1) = r.
d r  
 
n 1
2 n 1 n  1
2
1
r  r n
0
n n
2 n n 1 n
2 n 1
r n
 r n
0
n n
2n 2 n
n 1 n
1 1
2
r n
 r 2r n
 ( n 1 ) r n
n n

2 n 1 1 ( 2  n )
2
2r n
 ( n 1 ) r n r rn n

n 1
1 n2
2
r rn n

n 1
1 n2
 2
r n n

n 1
n 1
2
r n

n 1
n n
 2  n 1 P2 PC  2  n 1
r   r   
 n 1 P1 P1  n  1 


A. Saturated Steam, n = 1.135 :
1.35
P2 PC  2  1.351
r     0.5774  0.58
P1 P1  n  1 
B. Superheated Steam, n = 1.3 :

1.3
P2 PC  2  1.31
r     0.5457  0.545
P1 P1  n  1 
NOTE : Gases, n = γ = 1.4 :

1.4
P2 PC  2  1.4 1
r     0.528
P1 P1  n  1 

Friction Expansion Index, n is different, given by :
n
n 
'
n   N n  1
n'
P2  2  n' 1
Critical Pr. Ratio : r   '
'

P1  n  1 


Physical Relevance : Reduction in Discharge Pressure below Critical
value DOES NOT increase the Discharge Mass

m
Max. Discharge
Flow through the Nozzle.
(kg / sec)
We know, V2  2
n
P1 1  P2 2 
n 1
Critical Pr. Ratio
0
P 2 / P1 1.0  n 1

 P1 
P2  2    1

n n
V2  2
n 1  P2  
 


 n 1


  2  n 1
n
 n

n
n P2  2  n 1
V2  2 P2  2     1  r   
n 1  n  1    P1  n  1 
 
n   2 
1
 n  n  1  
V2  2 P2  2    1 V2  2 P2  2    1
n 1  n  1   n 1  2  
n  n 1 2  n  n  1
V2  2 P2 2  V2  2 P2 2 
n 1  2  n 1  2 

V2  n P2 2 …@ Throat. Velocity of Sound in Steam @ P2…!!

NOTE : For Gas Nozzle, V2  n P2 2 …Velocity of Sound in Air @ P2…!!
c2   P2 2
c2   R T2  P  R T
c   R Tc …@ Throat.

Example 3
Steam is expanded in a set of nozzles from 10 bar, 200 °C to 5 bar. Is the nozzle convergent
or convergent – divergent ? Neglecting the initial velocity, find the minimum area of the
nozzle to flow 3 kg / sec of steam under the given conditions. Assume expansion of steam
to be isentropic. Take Cd = 0.98.
Enthalpy, h
Let suffices 1, 2 & 3 denote Inlet, Throat and Exit.

1 P = 10 bar
Pthroat = Pexit : Convergent Nozzle…!!
Pthroat > Pexit : Convergent – Divergent Nozzle…!!!
3 P = 5 bar
10 bar, 200 °C ≡ Superheated Steam
Entropy, s ≡ 2827.9 kJ / kg …Steam Table

Example 3….cntd.
1.3
P2 PC  2  1.31
    0.5457
P1 P1  n  1 
PC  0.5457  P1  0.5457 10  5.457 bar

Enthalpy, h
Pthroat > Pexit : Convergent – Divergent Nozzle…!!!

1 P = 10 bar
Min. Area ≡ Throat Area.
Throat (2) ≡ h2S = 2715 kJ / kg,

2 PC= 5.457 bar
x2S = 0.98,
3 P = 5 bar
v2S = 0.34 m3 / kg.
Entropy, s

Example 3….cntd.
V2 S  44.72 ( h1  h 2 S ) V2S  44.72 ( 2827.9  2715 )
V2 S  475.17 m / sec ….ANS

Enthalpy, h
1  kg   m3 
 0.34  
P = 10 bar
 3 
 A2 S V2 S m 2 S  sec   kg 
m A2 S  
2S V2 S m
475.17 
2 PC= 5.457 bar
 sec 
3 P = 5 bar
A2 S  21.47 104 m2
Entropy, s
A2 S 21.47 104
Actual Troat Area A2    21.9 104 m2
Cd 0.98
Example 4
Calculate the throat and exit diameters of a convergent – divergent nozzle which will
discharge 820 kg of steam per hour from a pressure of 8 bar, superheated to 220 °C into a
chamber having a pressure of 1.5 bar. Friction loss in the nozzle may be taken as 15 % of
the total enthalpy drop.
Let suffices 1, 2 & 3 denote Inlet, Throat and Exit.

Enthalpy, h
1 P = 8 bar  kg 
840  hr 

 kg 
m  0.2278 
 sec   sec 
3600 
 hr 
3 P = 1.5 bar
8 bar, 220 °C ≡ Superheated Steam
Entropy, s ≡ 2883.62 kJ / kg …Steam Table

Example 4….cntd.
1.3
P2 PC  2  1.31
    0.5457
P1 P1  n  1 
PC  0.5457  P1  0.5457  8  4.365 bar

Enthalpy, h
Throat (2) ≡ Superheated Steam

1 P = 8 bar
h2S = 2760 kJ / kg,
t2S = 160 °C
PC=4.365 bar v2S = 0.42 m3 / kg.
2
Exit (3) ≡ Wet Steam
3 P = 1.5 bar
h3S = 2575 kJ / kg,
x3S = 0.945
Entropy, s
v3S = 1.15 m3 / kg.

Example 4….cntd.
Assuming V1 = 0; V2 S  44.72 ( h1  h 2 S ) V2S  44.72 ( 2883.62  2760 )
V2 S  497.22 m / sec
 kg   m3 
 0.2278    0.42  
 A2 S V2 S m 2 S  sec   kg 
m A2 S  
Enthalpy, h
2S V2 S m
497.22 
 sec 
1 P = 8 bar
A2 S  1.924 10 4 m2 ….ANS

PC=4.365 bar
4 
A2 S  1.924 10 
2
2 D2 S m2
3 4
P = 1.5 bar
4  A2 S
D2 S   1.565 102 m ….ANS
Entropy, s 
Example 4….cntd.
15 % of Total Enthalpy Drop ≡ ηN = 0.85.
h 3  h 3S   0.15 h1  h 3S 
h 3  2775  0.15 2883.62  2575
kJ
Enthalpy, h
h 3  2621.3
1 P = 8 bar kg
PC=4.365 bar
V3  44.72 ( h1  h 3 )
2
3 V3  44.72 ( 2883.62  2621.3 )
P = 1.5 bar
V3  724.3 m / sec
Entropy, s
Example 4….cntd.
m x3  3 g 

  A3 V3
A3 V3
m m A3 
3 ( x3  υ3 g ) V3
 kg   m3 
0.2278    0.945 1.15  
Enthalpy, h
 sec   kg 
A3 
1 P = 8 bar
m
724.3 
 sec 
PC=4.365 bar A3  3.418 10 4 m 2 ….ANS
2

A3  3.418 10  4 
2
3 P = 1.5 bar D3 m2
4
Entropy, s 4  A3
D3   2.086 102 m ….ANS

Example 5
A group of convergent – divergent nozzles expands 6 kg / sec of steam from 13 bar dry
and saturated to 1.4 bar with a nozzle efficiency of 0.90. Velocity at the throat is 3 % less
than theoretical. If the throat section of each nozzle is of diameter 1.28 cm, calculate the
umber of nozzles.
V2
V2 = 3 % less than Theoretical. kN   0.97
Enthalpy, h
V2 S
1
 N  k N 2  0.972  0.9408
P = 13 bar
kN  N
….up to Throat.
 N  0.9 ….after Throat….Given

3 P = 1.4 bar
i.e. Losses in Diverging Part are Higher than
Entropy, s those in Converging Part.

Example 5….cntd.
13 bar, Dry, Saturated Steam ≡ 2787.6 kJ / kg …Steam Table
n 1.135
n'    1.126
n   N n  1 1.135  0.9408 1.135  1
Enthalpy, h
n' 1.126
P2  2  n' 1  2  1.1261
P = 13 bar
 '     0.579
1 P1  n  1   1.126  1 
2
PC=7.53 bar
P2  0.579 13  7.53 bar
Throat (2) ≡ Wet Steam
3 P = 1.4 bar
h2S = 2680 kJ / kg,
Entropy, s x2S = 0.965

v2S = 0.25 m3 / kg.
Example 5….cntd.
 m3 
Actual Sp. Vol. =  2  x2 2 g  0.965  0.25  0.24  
 kg 
h1  h 2 2787.6  h 2
Actual Enthalpy Drop ≡ N  0.9408 
h1  h 2 S 2787.6  2680
Enthalpy, h
P = 13 bar
 kJ 
1 h 2  2686.37  
 kg 
PC=7.53 bar
2
V2  44.72 ( h1  h 2 )
3 P = 1.4 bar
V2  44.72 ( 2787.6  2686.37 )
Entropy, s
V2  449.9 m / sec
Example 5….cntd.
Mass Flow through each nozzle :

 A2 V2 4

1.28 10   449.9
2 2
 m kg   kg 
m  m  sec  m3   0.24  sec 
2
2 0.24
Enthalpy, h
No. of Nozzles
P = 13 bar
1 Total Mass Flow Rate


PC=7.53 bar
Mass Flow Rate through each Nozzle
2
6  kg sec 
3
  sec  kg 
P = 1.4 bar 0.24  
Entropy, s  25 Nozzles ….ANS

Thank You !
S. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.

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Steam Turbines_Part A_Nozzle

ME0207 SEM-IV Applied Thermodynamics – II S. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.

• Steam Nozzle – Isentropic flow of Steam through Convergent and

• Nozzle efficiency, Velocity Co-efficient.

• Use of Steam Tables and Mollier Chart.

ME0207 SEM-IV Applied Thermodynamics – II S. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.

Use : To produce a Jet of Steam for driving the Steam Turbine.

ME0207 SEM-IV Applied Thermodynamics – II S. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.

ME0207 SEM-IV Applied Thermodynamics – II S. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.

ME0207 SEM-IV Applied Thermodynamics – II S. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.

Mass Flow Rate @ any C/s. = Const.

1 C/s. of Nozzle α 1. Velo., V.

P = Const 3. Dry. Fraction, x.

Saturation Line C/s. of Nozzle α 1. Circular.

ME0207 SEM-IV Applied Thermodynamics – II S. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.

Flow Area attains minimum value…!!

i.e. Smallest Section of the Nozzle..!!

Conversing – Diversion Nozzle..!!

M<1 M=1 M>1

ME0207 SEM-IV Applied Thermodynamics – II S. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.

Flow of Steam through Nozzle

Actually, Friction between Steam & sides

P = Const Dry. Fraction, x3 ↑.

Entropy, s Steam during Expansion.

ME0207 SEM-IV Applied Thermodynamics – II S. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.

Continuity Equation & Mach Number

V V = Flow Velocity, (m/sec)

Let, m = Mass Flow Rate of Steam, (kg / sec).

Continuity Equation Mass Flow Rate @ any C/s. = Const.

Steady Flow Energy Equation

Energy I/p. to C.V. = Energy O/p from C.V.

Steady Flow Energy Equation

ME0207 SEM-IV Applied Thermodynamics – II S. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.

Steady Flow Energy Equation

Steady Flow Energy Equation

V2  2(h1  h 2 ) 1000 …. Steam Expansion from Rest, V1 = 0

V2  44.72 (h1  h 2 ) …. (m / sec).

ME0207 SEM-IV Applied Thermodynamics – II S. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.

ME0207 SEM-IV Applied Thermodynamics – II S. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.

h 2  640.2  x2  2108.5 x 2  0.956 ….ANS

ME0207 SEM-IV Applied Thermodynamics – II S. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.

Using Mollier Chart,

1 6 bar, 260 ºC ≡ h1 = 2980 kJ / kg.

Isentropic Expansion ≡ Vertical line up to 4 bar.

ME0207 SEM-IV Applied Thermodynamics – II S. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.

Entropy, s Sp. Vol. @ 4 bar, 210 ºC ≡ υ2 = 0.5588 m3 / kg.

 (30 104 ) [m 2 ]  428.95[m / sec]

ME0207 SEM-IV Applied Thermodynamics – II S. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.

Fluid Friction @ Wall

Viscous Boundary Layer Reheat of Steam

Actual Flow : Irreversible …!!!

ME0207 SEM-IV Applied Thermodynamics – II S. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.

h1 1 Actual Ethalpy Drop

Generally, 0.85 < ηN < 0.95

ME0207 SEM-IV Applied Thermodynamics – II S. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.

Nozzle Efficiency, ηN α 1. Nozzle Material.

3. Size and Shape of Nozzle.

4. Angle of Nozzle Divergence.

6. Turbulence in Nozzle Flow.

ME0207 SEM-IV Applied Thermodynamics – II S. Y. B. Tech. Mech. Engg.

Nozzle Velocity Coefficient