MS. KONI BERNADETTE C.

TARAYAO
Faculty in Mathematics
College of Education
STATISTICS
• Collection of data
• Organization or presentation of data
• Analysis and interpretation
 STATISTICS

DESCRIPTIVE INFERENTIAL
PRESENTATION CORRELATION
DEFINITION SAMPLING
OF DATA AND
OF TERMS DISTRIBUTION
SUMMATION REGRESSION

SUMMARY SIMPLE TIME

SAMPLING HYPOTHESIS
MEASURES SERIES
TECHNIQUES TESTING
OF DATA ANALYSIS

NORMAL DISTRIBUTION Z - TEST T - TEST F - TEST

TEST ON CHI – SQUARE

PROPORTION TEST
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

• Describing the characteristics

and properties of a group of
persons, places or things; it is
based on easily verifiable facts
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

• Who
• What
• Where
• When
• How
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

• Used to draw inferences for the

population on the basis of the
information obtained from the
sample.
 INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

• Is there a significant relationship…

• Is there a significant difference…
Definition of Terms
• POPULATION – large collection
of objects, places, or things.
• PARAMETER – any numerical
which describes a population
Example: There are 8,756
8,756
students enrolled in Education.
Definition of Terms
• SAMPLE – small portion or part
of a population
• STATISTIC – numerical value
which describes a sample.
Example: Of the 8,756 students
enrolled in Education, 2,893 is
female.
Definition of Terms
• DATA – facts or a set of
information gathered or under
study.
• QUALITATIVE AND
QUANTITATIVE DATA
Two Kinds of Data
• QUANTITATIVE – numerical in
nature and therefore meaningful
arithmetic can be done.
Example:Number of tardiness
of students
Two Kinds of Data
• QUALITATIVE – attributes which
cannot be subjected to
meaningful arithmetic.
Example: Color of the eyes
QUALITATIVE OR QUANTITATIVE
1. Weekly Allowance
2.Income of parents
3. Gender
4.Civil Status
5.Religion
6.Age
7. Address
8.Educational Attainment
9.Jobs/Occupations of parents
10.Schools previously attended
Two Kinds of Quantitative Data
• DISCRETE – exact values only
and can be obtained by
counting.
Example: Number of students
Two Kinds of Quantitative Data
• CONTINUOUS – assume infinite
values within a specified
interval and can be obtained by
measurement.
Example: Height
• CONSTANT – characteristics or
property of a population or
sample which makes the
members SIMILAR to each
other.
Example: Gender in a class of
all boys is constant.
• VARIABLE – characteristics or
property of a population or
sample which makes the
members DIFFERENT from each
other.
Example: Gender in a coed
school is variable.
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
• NOMINAL – labels (SSS number)
• ORDINAL – labels + rank (size of
shirt)
• INTERVAL – label + rank ; no true
zero (temperature)
• RATIO – label + rank +equal unit of
interval; have true zero. (number of
votes)
Two Kinds of Variables

• DEPENDENT– variable which is

affected by another variable.
Example: Test Scores
• INDEPENDENT – variable which
affects the dependent variable
SLOVIN’S FORMULA
NOTE:
• N (population
𝑁 size) should
always be
𝑛= 2
known.

1 + 𝑁𝑒 • 𝑒 (Margin of
error) should
always be at
5% only.
 TYPES OF SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

NON PROBABILITY PROBABILITY

CONVENIENCE QUOTA PURPOSIVE

SIMPLE SYSTEMATIC STRATIFIED CLUSTER

PROBABILITY SAMPLING
• Samples are chosen in such a
way that each member of the
population has a known though
not necessarily equal chance of
being included in the samples.
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
• Samples are chosen in random
with members of the population
having a known or sometimes
equal chance of being included
in the samples.
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
• Samples are randomly chosen
following a certain rules set by
the researches.
𝑁 𝑡ℎ
• 𝑘 = , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑘 member.
𝑛
STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING
• Used when population is too big
to handle, thus dividing N into
subgroups called STRATA is
necessary.
• Samples per stratum are
randomly selected with
considerations
CLUSTER SAMPLING
• Sometimes called AREA
SAMPLING
• Groups or clusters are chosen
instead of individuals.
NON – PROBABILITY SAMPLING
• Each member of the population
does not have a known chance
of being included in the sample.
Instead PERSONAL
JUDGEMENT plays a very
important role in the selection.
CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
• Used because of the
convenience it offers to the
researcher.
Example: Gathering data
through phone
QUOTA SAMPLING
• Very similar to the stratified
random sampling . The only
difference is that the selection
of the members of the samples
in the stratified sampling is
done randomly.
PURPOSIVE SAMPLING
• Choosing the respondents on
the basis of pre-determined
criteria set by the researcher.
DATA GATHERING TECHNIQUES
• THE DIRECT OR INTERVIEW
METHOD
• THE INDIRECT OR
QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD
• REGISTRATION METHOD
• EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
DIRECT OR INTERVIEW METHOD

• Has direct contact with the

respondents
INDIRECT OR QUESTIONNAIRE
METHOD
• Gives or distributes the
questionnaire to the
respondents either personal
delivery or by mail.
Characteristics of QUESTIONNAIRE
1. It should contain short letter to the
respondents which includes:
a) The purpose of the survey
b) The assurance of confidentiality
c) The name of the researcher or writer
of the questionnaire
2. There is a descriptive title /name for
the questionnaire.
Characteristics of QUESTIONNAIRE
3. It is designed to achieve objectives.
Questions should be asked to answer the
objectives
4. The directions are clear.
5. It is designed for easy tabulation.
6. It avoids to used double negatives
7. It also avoids double barred questions.
8. It phrases questions well for all
respondents.
TYPES OF QUESTIONNAIRE
1. OPEN – has unlimited responses
2. CLOSED – limits the scope of
responses
3. COMBINATION – combination of
open and closed types
 TYPES OF QUESTIONS
1. MULTIPLE CHOICES – allows respondent
to select answer/s from the list
2. Ranking – asks respondent to rank the
given items
3. Scales – asks the respondent to give
his/her degree of agreement to a
statement
4. Open – ended – essay type
THE REGISTRATION METHOD

• Gathering data is governed by laws.

THE EXPERIMENTAL METHOD

• Gathering data is used to find out cause

and effect relationships.
PRESENTATION OF DATA
• TEXTUAL
• TABULAR
• GRAPHICAL
TEXTUAL
• Data is presented using paragraph or
in sentences.
• Includes enumeration of important
characteristics, emphasizing the most
significant features and highlighting
the most striking attributes of the set
of data.
TABULAR
• FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE
• Shows data arranged into the
different classes and the number of
cases which fall into each class.
• UNGROUPED AND GROUPED.
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE
• UNGROUPED – only one category per
row.
• GROUPED – have several categories
per row.
EXAMPLE
18 19 19 25 20 21 18 22 19 18

25 18 21 24 25 22 18 23 24 19

18 21 23 20 24 23 19 21 23 20

20 21 22 24 23 25 21 20 22 20

19 19 18 21 21 19 24 21 21 21
 TABLE NO. 1
THE UNGROUPED FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
TABLE FOR THE AGE OF 50 SERVICE CREWS
PERCENTAGE
AGE FREQUENCY
FREQUENCY
18 7 14%
19 8 16%
20 6 12%
21 11 22%
22 4 8%
23 5 10%
24 5 10%
25 4 8%
N = 30
 TABLE NO. 2
THE GROUPED FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE
FOR THE AGE OF 50 SERVICE CREWS

PERCENTAGE
AGE FREQUENCY
FREQUENCY
18 – 19 15 30%
20 – 21 17 34%
22 – 23 9 18%
24 – 25 9 18%
N = 50
 TABLE NO. 2
THE GROUPED FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE
FOR THE AGE OF 50 SERVICE CREWS

PERCENTAGE
AGE FREQUENCY
FREQUENCY
18 – 19 15 30%
20 – 21 17 34%
22 – 23 9 18%
24 – 25 9 18%
N = 50
• SIMPLE GROUPED FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION TABLE
CLASS INTERVAL TALLY FREQUENCY

• COMPLETE GROUPED FREQUENCY

DISTRIBUTION TABLE
CLASS FREQUENCY CLASS CLASS RELATIVE LESS THAN GREATER THAN
INTERVAL MARK BOUNDARY FREQUENCY CUMULATIVE CUMULATIVE
FREQUENCY FREQUENCY
EXAMPLE
43 35 40 9 25 30 18 17 50 12

35 46 10 36 33 37 41 21 20 31

42 27 28 31 28 19 18 13 28 16

26 13 4 48 40 48 40 39 32 32

34 29 30 20 26 15 14 10 38 35
GRAPHICAL
• BAR CHART
• HISTOGRAM
• FREQUENCY POLYGON
• LESS AND GREATER OGIVES
• PIE CHART
MEASURES OF CENTRAL
TENDENCIES
• MEAN
• MEDIAN
• MODE
MEAN
• The sum of the deviations of all
measurements in a set from the mean
is 0
• It can be calculated for any set of
numerical data, so it always exists.
• A set of numerical data has one and
only one mean
• It lends itself to higher statistical
treatment.
MEAN
• It is the most reliable since it takes
into account every item in the set of
data.
• It is greatly affected by the extreme or
deviant numbers
• It is used not only if the data are
interval or ratio and when normally
distributed.
MEAN
• Ungrouped Data
σ𝑥
(Population mean) 𝜇 =
𝑁
σ𝑥
(Sample mean) x̅ =
𝑛
EXAMPLE
10 11
12 11
15 13
11 15
13 13
12 15
17 14
14 13
WEIGHTED MEAN

𝑥1 𝑤1 + 𝑥2 𝑤2 + ⋯ 𝑥𝑛 𝑤𝑛
�̅𝑊 =
𝑤1 + 𝑤2 + ⋯ 𝑤𝑛
EXAMPLE
subject Grade Units
Statistics 4.0 3
English 2.0 3
Accounting 1.0 5
P.E. 1.5 2
MEAN
• Grouped Data
σ 𝑓𝑋
(Population mean) 𝜇 =
𝑁
σ 𝑓𝑥
(Sample mean) x̅ =
𝑛
EXAMPLE
Class
f
Interval
16 – 23 1
24 – 31 3
32 – 39 6
40 – 47 12
48 – 55 10
56 – 63 8
MEDIAN
• It is the score or class in a
distribution, below which 50% of the
score fall and above which 50% lie.
• It is not affected by extreme or deviant
values.
• It is appropriate to us when there are
extreme or deviant values.
• It is used when data are ordinal
• It exist both in quantitative and
qualitative data
MEDIAN
• UNGROUPED DATA
• Arranged the data in order of
magnitudes.
𝑛+1 𝑡ℎ
෩=
a. If n is odd, X item in the
2
distribution or simply the middle
value
𝑚1 +𝑚2
෩=
b. If n is even, X where
2
𝑚1 &𝑚2 are the two middle
values
MEDIAN
• EXAMPLE

1. 17, 16, 21, 22, 19, 20

2. 18, 17, 21, 22, 19, 16, 23
MEDIAN
• GROUPED DATA
𝑛
−≺ 𝑐𝑓
𝑀𝑑𝑛 = 𝐿 + 2 𝑖
𝑓𝑚
Where;
L is the lower class bound of the median
class
<cf is the less than cumulative frequency
above of the median class
i is the class width
fm is the frequency of the median class
MEDIAN
• EXAMPLE
CLASS F
INTERVAL
16 – 23 1
24 – 31 3
32 – 39 6
40 – 47 12
48 – 55 10
56 – 63 8
N 40
MODE
• It is used when you want to find the
value which occurs more often
• It is a quick approximation of the
average
• It is an inspection of the average
• It is the most unreliable among the
three measures of central tendency
because its value is undefined in
some observations
MODE
• UNGROUPED DATA
• EXAMPLES
1. The ages of five students are: 17,
18, 23, 20, and 19.
2. The grades of five students are: 4.0,
3.5, 4.0, 3.5, and 1.0
MODE
• GROUPED DATA
∆1
𝑀𝑜 = 𝐿𝑀𝑜 + 𝑖
∆1 + ∆2
Where:
∆1 is the difference between the highest frequency and frequency
above it
∆2 is the difference between the highest frequency and frequency
below it
Lmo is the lower class boundary of the modal class
i is the class size
MODE
• EXAMPLE
CLASS F
INTERVAL
16 – 23 1
24 – 31 3
32 – 39 6
40 – 47 12
48 – 55 10
56 – 63 8
N 40