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Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Protista
Sarcomastigophora
Sporozoa
Cnidospora Ciliata
Foraminiferida
Understanding
what is Foraminifera?
Foraminifera are members of order Foraminiferida
The protists is characterized by streaming granular ectoplasm for catching food and other uses
Commonly an external shell is present called a "test" of diverse forms and materials.
Test of chitin is of primitive type.
Most foraminifera are marine, the majority of which live on or within the seafloor sediment (i.e.,
are benthic), while a smaller variety float in the water column at various depths (i.e.,
are planktonic).
Test of Foraminifera
Foraminifera typically produce a test, or shell, which can have either one or multiple chambers,
some becoming quite elaborate in structure.
These shells are commonly made of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) or agglutinated sediment
particles.
Biology of Foraminifera
The foraminiferal cell is divided into granular endoplasm and transparent ectoplasm from which
a pseudopodial net may emerge.
Pseudopodial net may emerge through a single opening or through many perforations in the test.
The pseudopods are used for locomotion, anchoring, and in capturing food, which consists of
small organisms such as diatoms or bacteria.
The foraminiferan life cycle show alternation of generations.
Materials and methods
Study area : The study Sites selected are Juhu Beach and Girgaum Beach (Chow patty
Beach) along the west coast of India in Mumbai, Maharashtra
From the above mentioned zone or site of west coast, the stand sample (sediment) is
collected for study .The sand sample or sediment are collected from both low tide and high
tide region.
The low tide region are marked as J1 and G1 with respect to Juhu Beach and Girgaum
Beach respectively. The high tide region are marked as J2 and G2 with respect to Juhu
Beach and Girgaum Beach respectively. The sample are collected along the along the sample
are column for High tide and low tide. Collected sample from two different region are put
in a plastic bag and tight with zip.
Thin layer or film of sand sample are scattered on the slide and then observe under
compound microscope for the foraminiferan. Oil immersion lens are used for better
observance under microscope.
MAP SHOWING
JUHU AND
GIRGAUM BEACH
Observation
Total 17 microscopic specimen of foraminifera have been obsereved from both Juhu
Beach and Girgaum Beach.
And separately from sand sample collected from Juhu Beach total 10 specimen were
found among which 5 specimen are unidentitied where as sand sample collected from
Girgaum Beach contain total 16 specimens were found among which are unidentified.
And all total specimen are commonly found from Juhu beach and Giragaum beach.
Specimens found in Juhu beach:
1. Polystomella spp (Elphidium sp)
2. Orbulina spp
3. Triloculina spp
4. Fursenkoina spp
5. Cylindrogullmia spp
6. 5 unidentified specimens
Specimens found in Girgaum beach:
Orbulina spp
Fursenkoina spp Cylindrogullmia spp
Bolivina spp
Spirillina spp
Spirulina spp
Aschemonella spp
Lenticulina spp
Cibicides spp
Unidentified specimen
Globigerinoides spp
Unidentified specimen
Unidentified specimen
Acknowledgement
I am able to complete my research project because of my Teachers . I express my
gratitude to my teachers, Miss Lubna. S. Majgaonkar and Dr. Abhay. S. Hule. I am very
much thankful to them for their positive reaction for me and helping me in each and
every problems and obstacle suffered by me in completing my research project.
References
Subhadra D.G Comparative study on Foraminiferan of east and west coats of India. Journal of
Environmental Biology, 2012,33:903 -908.
S.N Bhulla, N.khare , D.H Shanmukha & P.J .Henriques Forminiferal studies in nearshore regions of
western coast of India and Laccadives Inlands. Indian Journal of Marine Science, 2007, Vol.36(4) : pp.
272 287
K.Kameswara Rao, K.V. Jayalakshmy, P.Venugopal, T.C. Gopalakrishna and M.D Rajagopal , Foraminifera
from the Chilka lake on the east coats of India. J mar. bol. Ass. India, 2000, 42 (1&2):47 -61
Journals plos. Org/plosone, Isabels Fenton ,Paul N.Pearson, Tom Dunkley Jones, Andy Purvis ,
Environmental Prediction of Diversity in Recent Planktonic foraminifera as Recorded in Marine
Sediments.
www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/forsen/wetmore.html
http://www.slideshare.net/mobile/pramodgramod/applicaticion-of-microfossils-in-fossilfuel-
exploration-74665681
palaeo-electronica.org/content/2015/301-462/1268-bering-benthic-forms-figure#f3
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc2732844/R.markLeckie/seeking-a-abetterlife-in-the-plankton
journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0118077,M.Alveirinho Dias,Paulo
Miranda:Response of Benthic foraminitera to Organic Matter Quantity and Quality and Bioavailable
concentrations of metals in Aveiro Lagoon (Portugal)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy/?term=bolivina
http://www.researchgate.net/topic/Benthic-foraminifera