PROJECT REPORT

PRESENTATION

ACCIDENT PREVENTION USING

CASE BASED REASONING IN
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

Presenter
Ch. Mahesh Kumar
M.E (CEM)
Roll No: 0109 -1177

Supervisor
Dr.V.S.S KUMAR
 Outline of the Presentation
• Objectives
• Need for CBR
• Methodology
– About CBR
– Advantages of CBR
– Different Approaches of CBR
• Case Study
– CBR Tools
– Soft Computing Approach

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 Objectives
 The primary objective of the project thesis is
intended to point out the need for safety in
construction industry and to bring forth the role of
CBR in accident prevention in construction projects.

 To identify the set of attributes and to store the data

in the form of a case, which makes the process of
decision making simple.

 To find out the similarity value and based on this

pick the most relevant / suitable to the source case.

 To explore different CBR Tools.

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 Need for Safety
S.No Cause/Reason % of Fatal Accidents

1 Falling of Persons 45

2 Falling of Material 14

3 Transport 14

4 Lifting Equipment 7

5 Excavation 7

6 Electricity 6

7 Other Causes 7

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 Major areas of Risk
Prevention of accidents is the main aim of safety management.

Accidents are likely to occur & cause physical injury, causalities and
loss of money.

In order to prevent accidents at construction sites, certain safety

measures need to be taken in the following accident prone areas.

• Excavation
• Drilling & Blasting
• Road works (Hot Bituminous)
• Scaffolding, Ladders, Formwork equipment
• Fabrication & Erection
• Storage
• Demolition
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 Types of Hazards at Construction Sites
• House keeping
• Means of access & egress
• Lightning and ventilation
• Dangerous and harmful environment
• Fume/Gases due to welding and cutting
• Dust
• Excessive noise
• Corrosive substances
• Lifting and carrying of excessive weight
• Fall of person, objects and materials
• Due to Slipping, tripping, cutting
• Due to Electricity.
• Improper use and handling of explosives and blasting agents
• While erection and dismantling of scaffolds
• Due to Fire

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Need for CBR
A case-based reasoning solves new problems by using solutions
that were used to solve old problems. In simple CBR means
learning from previous experiences.

A case based decision support system helps to exploit data so

that smarter decisions can be made in less time. It is a
methodology that models both human reasoning and thinking.

The Basic Principle in this decision support system is that once

data pertaining to a case is fed to the system, the decision
support system compares these details with those for a wide
range of cases stored in memory; it then retrieves similar cases
from memory.

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 About CBR

Case-based reasoning (CBR) is a rapidly

emerging AI technology that uses past
experiences (cases) to solve new problem.

The idea of reasoning from relevant past cases

is appealing because it simulates to the
process an expert uses to solve "new"
problems quickly and accurately.

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 Advantages of CBR

• Useful when we have “weak” domain

• Reduces knowledge acquisition effort

• Proposes new solutions

• High user acceptance.

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 Advantages

• Finding the solution to complex problems quickly

• Discovering decision knowledge hidden in data

• Transferring experience from skilled specialists to

users

• CBR helps in building a database by sharing individual

experiences.

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 Working Methodology of CBR Cycle:
The 4 - R approach

RETRIEVE RETAIN
find similar integrate in
problems case-base

CBR

REUSE REVISE
propose solutions adapt and repair
from retrieved cases proposed solution
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 CBR Cycle

Solution
Retain Review

Database Adapt

Retrieve
Similar
New
Problem
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 CBR Process

1. Search for and retrieve the most relevant cases from case memory

2. Reuse the retrieved cases to solve the current problem

3. If necessary, adjust the cases to better meet the current problem

4. Retain any newly created cases in memory for future use.

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Different approaches of CBR

1. Textual Approach

2. Conversational Approach

3. Structural Approach

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 Textual Approach
Cases are recorded as free text. Cases
may be product descriptions, service
reports etc.

The CBR retrieval engine uses various

keyword matching techniques to
retrieve cases.

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 Conversational Approach
This approach to case based reasoning involves
describing the cases by developing groups of
questions, which are arranged into a hierarchy to
correspond to the hierarchy of cases, from the
general to the specific.

This approach resembles the construction of a rule

base of an expert system using decision trees.

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 Structural Approach
A common structure for knowledge
representation called the domain model is first
defined.

This domain model specifies a set of attributes

used to represent a case and also structures the
set of attributes.

Each attribute must be a field in a database and

each value must be standardized.

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 The 4-RE’s
Retrieving
Retrieving a case starts with a problem description and ends when a best matching
case has been found. It involves:
1. Identifying a set of relevant problem descriptors;
2. Matching the case and returning a set of sufficiently similar cases
3. Selecting the best case from the set of cases returned
2. Reusing
Reusing the retrieved case solution in the context of the new case focuses on
identifying the differences between the retrieved and the current case. Also identify
the part of a retrieved case which can be transferred to the new case. Generally the
solution of the retrieved case is transferred to the new case directly as its solution
case.
3. Revising
Revising the case solution generated by the reuse process is necessary when the
solution proves incorrect. This provides an opportunity to learn from failure.
Retaining
Retaining the case is the process of incorporating whatever is useful from the new
case into the case library. This involves deciding what information to retain and in
what form to retain it; how to index the case for future retrieval; and integrating the
new case into the case library.
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 CBR Tools
• ART*Enterprise
• Case-1
• CasePower
• CBR2
• Eclipse
• ESTEEM
• KATE
• Recall
• FreeCBR
• myCBR
• jCOLIBRI

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 METHODOLOGY ADOPTED
STEP 1 : To Input the 20 cases that constitute the case base.

STEP 2 : Building the CASE BASE involved not only

inputting data for every input feature for each of
the 20 cases using a proper case representation
format.

STEP 3 : Adopting & Calculating the similarity measurement.

STEP 4 : Indexing is the process of comparing the target

case with cases stored in the case base using an
appropriate type of similarity assessment to
identify a similarity score.

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 Types of Case Representation
• Flat feature-value list
• Graph representation
• Object Oriented representation

• The choice of Case Representation is

– Depends on requirements of task and domain
– Structure of available case data

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 CASE REPRESENTATION (Using Flat feature-value list)
Case_id: 1
Problem features
Location :
Accident Type :
Company Name :
Construction Type :
Cost :
Accident Description :
Solution
Solution adopted :

Location MAD

Accident Type MINOR

Compnay Name HE

Cost 50

Accident Desc Labour buried under soil during excavation

Solution Adapted Bracings provided for foundation in loose soils

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 SIMILARITY ASSESSMENT

The most commonly used techniques that can be applied in the

retrieval phase of a CBR system can be

Nearest Neighbor Techniques

Induction Algorithms
Fuzzy Logic
Database Techniques such as SQL

Similarities are usually normalized to fall with in the range 0 to 1, where 1 means a
perfect match and 0 indicates a total mismatch.

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 Types of NN Finding Algorithm
• Linear Scan
• Kd-Tress
• Ball Trees, VP-Tree, PCA Tree
• Metric Trees
• Locality Sensitive Hashing (LSH)
• Agglomerative Nearest Neighbor
• K Most Similar Neighbor (k-MSN)
• Redundant Bit Vectors
• Euclidean Distance Measure
• Weighted Averages Method
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 Nearest Neighbour Techniques
The similarity of the problem (target) case to a case in the case-library for each
case attribute is determined.

This measure is multiplied by a weighting factor. Then the sum of the similarity
of all attributes is calculated to provide a measure of the similarity of that case in
the library to the target case. This can be represented by the equation:

where:

T is the target case

S is the source case
n is the number of attributes in each case
i is an individual attribute from 1 to n
f is a similarity function for attribute i in cases T and S and
w is the importance weighting of attribute i

This calculation is repeated for every case in the case-library to rank cases by similarity to the target.
Similarities are usually normalised to fall within a range of 0 to 1 (where 0 is totally dissimilar and 1
is an exact match) or as a percentage similarity where one hundred percent is an exact match.

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 Nearest Neighbour Retrieval
• Retrieve most similar
• k-nearest neighbour (k-NN)

• Example
– 1-NN
– 5-NN

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Problem to be solved

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 How CBR solves problems
• New problem can be solved by
– Retrieving similar problems
– Adapting retrieved solutions
• Similar problems have similar solutions

P? P P PP
P P
P P

S S S
S S X S S
S S
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 Similarity Computation for Case 1

Source: R. Bergmann, University of Kaiserslautern

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 Similarity Computation for Case 2

Source: R. Bergmann, University of Kaiserslautern

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 Similarity Measurement
• Purpose: To select the most relevant case
• Basic Assumption: Similar problems have similar
solutions
• Similarity value between 0 and 1 are assigned for feature
value pairs
• E.g.: Feature: Problem
Front Light does not work Front Light does not work
.8 .4
Break Light does not work Engine doesn’t start

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 Applications
• CBR in Knowledge Mgmt of a Power Plant Construction
• CBR Approach for Firefighting Tactics
• CBR to meet Multiple design constraints
• In Supply Chain Management
• For Bridge Fabrication Errors
• Building Defect Problems
• Procurement Advisory System
• In Tender Evaluation
• Prediction of Web Aquatic Products Prices
• Failure prediction (ultrasonic NDT of rails for Dutch railways)
• Failure analysis (Mercedes cars for DaimlerChrysler)
• Maintenance scheduling (Boeing 737 engines)
• Formulation (rubber for racing tyres for Pirelli)

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 Screen Shots

CASE LIBRARY

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FreeCBR

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FreeCBR

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FreeCBR

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 CONCLUSIONS
• The important conclusions based on the present study were given below:
• Safety is the most important to be implemented and practiced by every team member in any
construction project. In order to minimize the accidents and to maximize the returns, with
this both the client and the contractor can reduce the indirect costs.
• Safety aspects has to be strictly implemented for effective management of the construction
projects by introducing a separate safety team and instead of experts decisions after an
accident occurs and to decide what course of action has to be taken, a proper
implementation of CBR Decision support system will definitely helps in reducing the
number of accidents.
• CBR basically helps in forecasting what best the safety engineer can do to avoid the
accident. It also helps in knowledge maintenance and acquisition. It definitely increases the
problem solving efficiency.
• The main strength of CBR system is that it is best applicable when there is no model
available and when cases are available or easy to generate.
• It is observed that, the retrieval time is huge in arriving the most similar cases to the given
problem by calculating manually especially when the case base is large, the retrieval time
can be considerably reduced when FreeCBR tool is adopted and applied in this thesis on the
same set of cases.
• A customized CBR tool will ease the problem and will help in making faster decisions.
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Thank you

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