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Lecture No.1 - Introduction To Bridges
Lecture No.1 - Introduction To Bridges
Design of Bridges
Introduction
Lecture No. 1
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Course Content
1. Introduction
2. Types of Bridges
3. Superstructures and Substructures
4. Loads on Bridges and Load Combinations
5. Load Distribution Methods
6. Concrete Deck Design
7. Beams Design
7. Foundation Design
8. Load Capacity Rating of Existing Bridges
9. Case Studies on Evaluation and Rehabilitation of
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Existing Bridges
References
1) AASHTO, "Standard Specification for Highway
Bridges", 16th Edition, 1996.
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Definition :
Bridge
A structure which spans across a gorge/valley/river
between two points and carries specified design loads
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History
Log Bridge or Culvert
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Improved Log -Tree trunk
Bridge
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Clapper Bridge - Stones
Arching principle
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Canoes joined with timber
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Rope bridges
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Improved Rope Bridge
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History of Bridges
1900
1920
Truss Bridges
Mechanics of
Design
2000
Wood
Suspension Bridges
Use of steel in
suspending cables
Prestressed
Concrete
Steel
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Basic Concepts
Force -
Compression –
Tension -
Compression Tension
Pier
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Truss - a rigid frame composed of short, straight
pieces joined to form a series of triangles or other
stable shapes
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Types of Bridges
Basic Types:
•Truss Bridge
•Beam Bridge (slab, slab and beam)
•Arch Bridge
•Suspension Bridge Floating
•Floating Bridge
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Truss Bridge
Beam Bridge
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Types of Bridges
Beam Bridge
Forces
When something pushes down on the beam, the beam
bends. Its top edge is compressed together, and its
bottom edge is pulled apart.
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Types of Bridges
Arch Bridges
Forces
The arch is squeezed together, and this squeezing force is carried
outward along the curve to the supports at each end. The supports,
called abutments, push back on the arch and prevent the ends of
the arch from spreading apart.
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Types of Bridges
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can span 600 m to 2000 m -- way farther
than any other type of bridge! Most suspension bridges have a
truss system beneath the roadway to resist bending and
twisting.
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Types of Bridges
Suspension Bridges
Forces
In all suspension bridges, the roadway hangs from massive
steel cables, which are draped over two towers and secured
into solid concrete blocks, called anchorages, on both ends of
the bridge. The cars push down on the roadway, but because
the roadway is suspended, the cables transfer the load into
compression in the two towers. The two towers support most of
the bridge's weight.
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Cable Stayed Bridge
The cable-stayed bridge, like the suspension bridge, supports
the roadway with massive steel cables, but in a different way.
The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower,
forming a unique "A" shape.
Cable-stayed bridges are becoming the most popular bridges
for medium-length spans of between 160m and 1,000m
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Decision On Type Of Bridge
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Design Parameters
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Bridge Components (BS 5400-2:1978 cl.3.2.10)
Superstructure
All structures above bridge bearings. This is the
bridge part that is supported by piers and
abutments.
Substructure
All structures below bridge bearings
Includes wingwalls, piers, towers and abutments
that support the superstructure as well as
foundation. Foundation here, is that part in direct
contact with and tramsmits load to the ground.