1. Where is the site of protein synthesis?

a. Nucleus c. ribosome
b. Lysosome d. mitochondria

2. Organisms whose cells do not have a nucleus are called

a. plants c. eukaryotes
b. organelles d. prokaryotes

3. What type of cell has these characteristics: contains DNA but no nucleus, contains
flagella, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and a cell membrane.
a. plant c. animal
b. fungi d. bacteria

4. A cell with relatively few energy needs will probably have a relatively small number of
a. ribosomes c. mitochondria
b. lysosomes d. chromosomes

5. In which of the following items would you expect to find cells?

a. strawberry c. silver dollar
b. eyeglasses d. plastic flower
6. Which of the following organelles transports materials inside the cell
a. lysosome c. mitochondria
b. chloroplast d. endoplasmic reticulum

7. Which of the following structures are common to both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
a. nucleus c. both b and
b. ribosomes d. cell membrane

8. Which of the following forms of life is not eukaryotic?

a. a bacterial cell c. a plant cell like gumamela
b. protist such as an amoeba d. a human cell such as a red blood cell

9. Plant cells often have a box-like shape because of the

a. nucleus c. cytoplasm
b. cell wall d. cell membrane

10. Which organelle has no membrane?

a. vacuole c. ribosome
b. lysosome d. chloroplast
11. Which of the following statements is always true?
a. All cells have a cell wall. c. All cells contain a chloroplast.
b. All cells contain a nucleus d. All cells have a cell membrane

12. A cell is observed to contain a nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts. From this
information you can conclude that the cell is:
a. a plant cell c. a bacterial cell
b. an animal cell d. a prokaryotic cell

13. Which of the following is found in the nucleus?

a. Vacuoles c. mitochondria
b. chloroplasts d. chromosomes

14. Digestive enzymes or hydrolytic enzymes are terms associated with

a. ribosomes c. golgi apparatus
b. lysosomes d. smooth endoplasmic reticulum

15. What site regulates what goes in and out of the cell?
a. cell wall c. cell membrane
b. vacuole d. nuclear membrane
16. The site of ATP production and the site of photosynthesis are the _______________ and
_________________.
a. ribosomes and vacuoles c. mitochondria and chloroplast
b. chloroplast and lysosome d. Golgi complex and chloroplast

17. Which is the “brain” of the cell?

a. nucleus c. golgi bodies
b. chloroplast d. mitochondria

18. A cell that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles is known as a(an)
______________ cell.
a. plant c. eukaryote
b. animal d. prokaryote

19. What is the outermost boundary of an animal cell?

a. the cell wall c. the cell membrane
b. the cytoplasm d. the nuclear envelope

20. Which of the following is not true of chloroplasts?

a. They synthesize sugar
b. They contain pigments
c. They are only found in plants
d. They appear green because of the chlorophyll
LESSON 1: MICROSCOPY AND DISCOVERY OF CELL
 The cell is the basic unit of life.

 Just like bricks are the building blocks of a

house or school, cells are the building blocks of
life.

 you are made up of cells.

Since you are alive, you are made of cells too.

Look closely at the skin on your arm.

No matter how hard you look with your eyes alone, you won’t be
able to see individual skin cells. The reason for this is that cells are
very small.

In fact, one square centimeter of your skin’s surface contains over
100,000 cells.
Until the late 1500s there was no way to see cells

No one even knew that cells existed.

Around 1590, the invention of the microscope enabled people to look

at very small objects.

The invention of the microscope made it possible for people to

discover and learn about cells.

A microscope is an instrument that makes small objects look larger.

 Some microscopes use lenses to focus light. The lenses used in light microscopes
are similar to the clear curved pieces of glass used in eyeglasses.

 A simple microscope contains only one lens.

 A hand held lens is an example of a simple microscope.

 A light microscope that has more than one lens is called a compound microscope.
 in 1597, Hans Janssen and his son, Zacharias Janssen discovered that the combination of two lenses in a
particular arrange was the secret to better visualization and magnification.

Robert Hooke

• an English scientist and mechanical genius who pioneered in microscope

research

• He is recognized as the English Father of Microscopy

• One of the first people to observe cells

• cell looked liked small monastery room

• Cork is the bark of the cork oak tree which makes it alive so it made up of cells.

• To Hooke, the cork looked like tiny rectangular rooms, which he called cells.

• What most amazed Hooke, was how many cells the cork contained.

• He calculated that a cubic inch piece of cork had about twelve hundred million
cells.
 Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

• A Dutch maker of microscope

• He used the lenses to construct simple microscopes.

• the first person to see lives cell in1665

- Protozoa
- Red blood cells
- capillary systems
- Life cycle of the insect

• He was surprised to see one-celled organisms, which he called animalcules, meaning little animals.

• Leeuwenhoek went on to look at many other specimens including scrapings of teeth and became the
first person to see tiny single-celled organisms known as bacteria.
 Schleiden and Schwann


• In 1838, Matthias Schleiden, a German

scientist concluded that all plants are made
of cells.

• this is called the unified cell theory

COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
EYEPIECE
BODY TUDE

STAGE
Cell Structures
PROKARYOTIC EUKARYOTIC
SIMILAR COMPONENTS OF CELLS

A.Plasma Membrane
B. Cytoplasm
C. Ribosomes
D. DNA
PROKARYOTIC CELL
 Simple, mostly single-celled (unicellular)
organism. layer acts as the cell wall's
 lacks nucleus or any membrane
backbone, offering
boundstrength
to the cell wall
organelles.
layer is able to allow sugars,
 most have a peptidoglycan celland
amino acids, wall andions
other
many have polysaccharide into capsule.
the cell as needed

 small, 0.2 to 0.5 micrometer

 less complex, and limited capabilities.
CAPSULE
 provides
protection from
phagocytosis
CAPSULE Enables the cell to attached to the
surface of its environment.
 The capsule is a major virulence
factor in the major disease-causing
bacteria, such as Escherichia coli
and Streptococcus pneumoniae.
CELL WALL
 The wall gives the cell its shape and
surrounds the cytoplasmic membrane,
protecting it from the environment.
 The strength of the wall is responsible
for keeping the cell from bursting
when there are large differences in
osmotic pressure between the
cytoplasm and the environment.
Cell Wall
PLASMA MEMBRANE
 A structure that serves as a permeability
barrier.
 regulates what goes in and out of the cell
 contains lipids and proteins
lipids usually form a bilayer
 proteins are embedded in or associated with
lipids
Plasma
membrane  highly organized, asymmetric,
 flexible, and dynamic
Plasma Membrane
 Phospholipid bilayer
 head (hydrophilic)
 tail (hydrophobic)

 Integral protein
 Embedded in the membrane
 help moves ions and other molecules
can’t cross the membrane (large
molecules)
 carrier or transporter
 Peripheral proteins
 bound to the external face of the membrane
 anchoring and binding
 Receptor and enzyme
 cell surface identity marker
 Cholesterol
 controls the membrane fluidity

 it binds to the hydrophilic tails of

the phospholipid, packing them
more close together

 without it the cell will burst

 the more cholesterol,(less fluid)

more stable

 less permeable the membrane

 Carbohydrates
 Where glycoprotein and glycolipids are
attached.

Serves as a recognition site

allowing organisms to recognize
foreign cells and molecules.
 Cytoskeleton
 made of protein
 Maintain cell shape
 cell motility and
regulation
PLASMID

plasmid
 a circular piece of bacterial DNA that often
contain gene but not related to life functions
 Often contains antibiotic resistance
 virulence factor
 self-replicating
NUCLEOID
 Meaning nucleus-like
Nucleoid  area of cytoplasm where the
DNA is located
 this is the cells genetic
information, which carries all the
information required for cell
functions and structures and
functions
CYTOPLASM
cytoplasm  Made up of cytosol
(liquid/fluid within the cell)
and other organelles
 contains many specialized
cell organelles that have a
specific functions.
RIBOSOMES
site for protein synthesis
 responsible for all cell
structure and function
 needed for many cell functions
ribosomes such as repairing damage, or
directing chemical processes.
PILI AND FLAGELLA
 Flagella are long, whip like, helical
appendages
Responsiblethat protrude
for motility through
but can also be the
Pili cell membrane.
used to sense certain temperature and
chemicals or metals.

 Pili are hallow, non-helical, filamentous

appendages that protrude from the
Responsible for attachment, transfer of DNA
surface of cell.
to other cell during bacterial conjugation i.e.
genetic exchange. Also perform motility.
Flagellaa
Example: Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
Vibrio Cholerae

Example: Pseudomonas Flourescens

Example: Aquasperillum serpens

Example: Escherichia Coli

Salmonella Typhi