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Protein & Amino Acid Metabolism: BBM FK Untar
Protein & Amino Acid Metabolism: BBM FK Untar
Metabolism
BBM FK Untar
October 2010
INTRODUCTION
Biokimia dan Biologi Molekuler (BBM)
(Biochemistry and Molecular Biology)
- Elemental analysis
- Use of acid or alkaline hydrolysis to degrade the biomolecule
- Use of a battery of enzymes of known specificity to degrade biomolecule
- Visible , UV, infrared (IR), and NMR spectroscopy
- Mass spectrometry (MS)
- Specific sequencing methods (eg, for proteins & nucleic acids: WB,NB,SB)
- X-ray crystallography
• This contrasts with unorthodox health cults and at least some "alternative
medicine" practices that are often founded on little more than myth and wishful
thinking and generally lack any intellectual basis.
Protein Metabolism
• Protein catabolism
• Protein Biosynthesis (not yet)
Introduction: Why Proteins are very Important
• This obviously means that proteins are the key molecules in the
processes of life, and it is now known that virtually all the activities which
sustain living organisms are carried out by proteins.
• Proteins are constructed on a simple pattern, but that pattern allows for
an almost endless diversity of structure and function.
• All proteins, whether from the most ancient lines of bacteria or from the most
complex forms of life, are constructed from the same set of 20 amino acids,
covalently linked in characteristic linear sequences.
AMINO ACID METABOLISM
The Nitrogen Cycle and Nitrogen Fixation
Nitrogen Fixation
1. Nitrogen fixation bacteria
• Free Bacteria: Klebsiella, Rhodoseudomonas, Chostridium,
Azobacter
• Symbiotic bacteria: Rhizobium (leguminous plants)
2. Reaction
• N2 → 2 NH3
• N2 + 6 e- + 6 H+ → 2 NH3
• N2 + + 10 H+ + 8 e- + 16 ATP → 2 NH3 + 16 ADP + Pi + H2
3. Nitrogenase complex
• Nitrogenase component: molybdenum-iron protein (MoFe protein)
• Reductase component: iron protien ([4Fe-4S] cluster
4. Requirements
• Ferredoxin
• ATP
AMINO ACIDS
BIOSYNTHESIS OF AMINO ACIDS
1. Glutamate
Anthranilate.
• Their half-lives can vary from a few minutes to several weeks. but the half-life of
a given protein in different organs and species is generally similar.
Short HF (T1/2) have PEST sequences (ex: HMG CoA reductase ;t1/2= 0,5-2 h)
1. During the normal synthesis and degradation of cellular proteins (protein turnover),
some amino acids that are released from protein breakdown and are not needed for
new protein synthesis undergo oxidative degradation.
2. When a diet is rich in protein and the ingested amino acids exceed the body’s needs
for protein synthesis, the surplus is catabolized; amino acids cannot be stored.
• Amino acids not needed for the synthesis of proteins are catabolized in order to
make use of their nitrogen and their carbon skeletons.
• The first step in amino acid degradation is often removal of the group. Next, the
carbon chains are altered in specific ways for entry into the central pathways of
carbon metabolism.
• Removal of the group of an amino acid occurs in several ways. The amino acid
usually undergoes transamination with α--ketoglutarateto form an acid and
glutamate.
• The net effect of these two reactions is the release of groups as ammonia and
the formation of NADH and α-keto acids:
Conversion of the carbon skeletons of amino acids to pyruvate, acetoacetate, acetyl
1. Six Amino Acids Are Degraded to Pyruvate
• The second nitrogen atom destined for urea comes from aspartate and is
incorporated when citrulline condenses with aspartate to form argininosuccinate.
• Final reaction of the urea cycle, the guanidinium group of arginine is hydrolytically
cleaved to form ornithine and urea in a reaction catalyzed by arginase.
• The exchange of glucose and alanine between muscle and liver, called the
glucose–alanine cycle , provides an indirect means for muscle to eliminate nitrogen
and replenish its energy supply.
Glucose–alanine cycle
Amino Acids as Metabolic Precursors
A. Products Derived from Glutamate, Glutamine and Aspartate
• Glu and Asp, are amino group donors in many transamination reactions
and required in the urea cycle.
• Gln and Asp are also required as precursors in both purine and pyrimidine
biosynthesis.
• Pathways for the biosynthesis of the carbon skeletons of amino acids begin with simple
metabolic precursors such as pyruvate and citric acid cycle intermediates.
• Nonessential amino acids are those that animals can produce in quantities that are
sufficient for growth. These amino acids are generally formed by short, energetically
inexpensive pathways. Essential amino acids must be supplied
in the diets of animals; these amino acids are synthesized by bacteria and plants.
• In addition to their role in protein synthesis, amino acids serve as precursors in a
number of other metabolic pathways.
• Protein molecules in all living cells are continually synthesized and degraded.
• Amino acids obtained from protein degradation or directly from food can be
catabolized. Catabolism begins with deamination, followed by modification of the
remaining carbon chains for entry into the central pathways of carbon metabolism.
• The pathways for the degradation of amino acids lead to pyruvate, acetyl CoA, or
intermediates of the citric acid cycle. Amino acids that are degraded to citric acid
cycle intermediates are glucogenic. Those that form acetyl CoA are ketogenic.
• In mammals, most nitrogen is excreted as urea, which is formed by the urea cycle in
the liver. The carbon atom of urea is derived from bicarbonate. One amino group is
derived from ammonia, and the other from aspartate.