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Earthquakes and
Volcanoes –
Philippines in Focus
Mr. Miguel C. Ca

Geoscience Training for

HS Teachers
May 24 , 2018
The Solid Earth
Earth Systems
Earth Systems
Earth Systems
Earth Systems
Earth Systems
Earth Systems
Earth Systems
Earth Systems
Convection
Plate Tectonics
Pangaea
Why do the Plates Move?
V
o
l
c
a
n
o
e
s
 General List of Geologic Hazards
(from EGGA Checklist)
Earthquake Hazards Mass Movement Coastal Hazards
a. ground acceleration a. Landslides a. Flooding
b. ground rupture a.1. Fall b. Coastal erosion
c. liquefaction a.2. Topple c. Coastal aggradation
d. differential settlement a.3. Slump d. Storm surge
e. landslides a.4. Slide e. Coastal subsidence/
f. fault creep a.5. Spread
g. lateral spread sea level rise
h. tsunami a.6. Flow f. Submarine landslide
i. seiches a.7. Complex
b. Creep
Volcanic Hazards c. Subsidence Others
a. Lava flow d. Differential Settlement a. Aeolian
b. Debris flow e. Karst b. Extra-terrestrial
c. Pyroclastic flow
d. Debris avalanche
e. Lahar Fluvial
f. Lateral blast and a. Upstream Flooding
pyroclastic surge (Flashflood)
g. Bombs and ballistic b. Downstream Flooding
projectiles (Sheetflow)
h. Ash fall c. Riverbank Erosion
i. Tsunami d. Scouring of riverbed/
j. Flooding Channel erosion
k. Volcanic gases e. Channel migration
l. Volcanic earthquakes f. Rill erosion
g. Gully erosion
h. Sedimentation
Downwind,
ash falling
like rain…
 On the
surface, big
boulders of
lahar deposit

Credit:
Litratista,FLICKR
 Large cauliflower or breadcrust bomb,
possibly from 1897 “pangiri’kiti” eruption
Main products
of volcanic
eruptions
 Tight Leaky
Tight Leaky Tight Leaky

Vesuvio

Vesuvio (now); Sakurajima;

St. Helens, Vesuvio
Masaraga, (1631-1944),
Isarog, Labo Mayon

Tight (plugged) &

Leaky (open-
conduit) Pinatubo, Iwo-jima,
Kawa-kawa Stromboli Parker
volcanoes Taal, Irosin (?)
Earthquakes
Location of worldwide earthquakes
How Seismographs Work
Seismic Waves
Elastic Rebound
 Tsunamis result when a large section of the sea floor
suddenly moves and therefore displaces a massive amount of water.
 Tsunami
Model

INDIA MYANMAR by
Bay of Bengal

THAILAND Kenji Satake

Phuket
(GSJ/AIST)

SRI LANKA

INDIAN OCEAN

h. Tsunami
Our first evidence of tectonic motion is based on similar fossils and
rock types on opposing sides of the ocean
 • Plate tectonics of the western Pacific, with
plate motions… color

3 types of tectonic plate boundaries: spreading, subducting, and sliding

Divergence: Mid-oceanic Ridges
Another source of
evidence is based
on seafloor ages
which get younger
as we approach
sea floor ridges
Tectonic Plates
• Crust – solid, relatively low density silicate rock
• Mantle – Semi fluid, denser, mafic (iron and
magnesium bearing) rocks
• Core – Liquid then solid iron and nickel with traces of
heavier elements
 Plate Types
• Oceanic plates: basalt
– Dark (black) and dense rock
type composed of silicates,
iron and magnesium

• Continental plates –
granite
– Light colored (pink, white
and gray) and low density
rock type composed almost
entirely of silicates.
 Plate Boundaries
• Convergent – plates move toward
one another

• Divergent – plates move away from

each other

• Transform – plate moves sideways

from each other
Plate Boundaries
Plate Boundaries
Convergent Plates
Divergent Plates
San Andreas
Fault
Mid-Plate Hotspots
Mid-Plate Hotspots
Mid-Plate Hotspots
Seismicity map
Magnitude 4.0 and above
(1907 to 2001)
Caricature of A Tectonically Active Philippines
Thank you
for listening
to our dad!