Technology-III

Parenteral refers injectable route of administration.

It derived from Greek words Para (Outside) and
enteron(Intestine) means situated or occurring outside
the intestine.
So it is a route of administration other than the oral
route. This route of administration bypasses the
alimentary canal.
 Parenteral products are those sterile pharmaceutical dosage
forms which are intended to be administered under or
through one or more layers of the skin or mucous membrane.
 Those are administered directly into body tissues rather than
via the alimentary canal.
 As they are administered inside the body and sometimes
directly into the blood, parenteral products should be :
1.Free from microbial contamination
2.Free from toxic materials
3.Of highest purity
 Sterility - absence of viable living microorganisms
 There is no term called semi-sterile. An object of
environment is either sterile or non-sterile.
 Major types of sterile dosage forms :
Parenteral products
Ophthalmic preparations
Irrigating solutions
 Radiopharmaceuticals and freeze dried products are also
sterile products.
1. Can be given to patients in critical conditions e.g. intracardiac
administration of epinephrine in cardiac arrest
2. Can be administered in patients who are unconscious, in
cooperative or constantly vomiting
3. Suitable for drugs which are degraded or unreliably absorbed
from the GI tract e.g. insulin, benzyl penicillin
4. For rapid restoration of systemic deficit e.g. use of whole
blood in case of severe hemorrhage
5. For introducing nutrients for unconscious patients
6. Preferred for localized action e.g. local anesthetics
7. Drug is administered by a professionally skilled person, so an
exact dose can be accurately delivered
8. May be used for sustained action
1. Psychological fear of the patients to take the drug
2. Costly than other dosage form
3. Requires special skills and facilities for production and
administration
4. Toxic effects are often difficult to handle
5. It may produce rapid allergic reaction and
anaphylactic shock
6. It may produce abscess, injury or fibrous nodules
Various types of route of administration of parenteral products are:
a. Subcutaneous (Hypodermis) injection
b. Intramuscular injection
c. Intravenous injection
d. Intradermal injection
e. Intra-arterial injection
f. Intracardiac injection
g. Intrathecal injection
h. Intracisternal injection
i. Peridural injection
j. Intra- articular injection
k. Intracerebral Injection
 Administer medications below the skin intothe subcutaneous fat outside of
the upperarm
top of the thigh
lower portion of each side of the abdomen
not intogrossly adipose, hardened, inflamed, or swollen tissue
 Often have a longer onset of action and a longer duration of action compared
with IM or IV injection
 G i v e n at a 45-degree angle
25- or 26-gauge needle, 3/8 to 5/8 inch length
 No more then 1.5 ml should be injected into the site
to avoid pressure on sensory nerves
causing pain and discomfort
 Care must be taken with deep IM injections to avoid hitting a vein,
artery, or nerve
 In adults, IM injections are given into upper, outer portion of the
gluteus maximus
large muscle on either side of the buttocks
 For children and some adults, IM injections are given into the deltoid
muscles of the shoulders

• Typical needle is 22- 25 gauge ½- to 1-inch needle

• IM injections are administered at a 900 angle
volume limited to less than 3 ml
 Fast-acting route because the drug goes directly into the bloodstream
often used in the emergency department and in critical care areas
 Commonly used
for fluid and electrolyte replacement
to provide necessary nutrition to the patient who is critically ill
Intravenous (IV) injections are administered at 15 to 20 degree angle
The inaction are given directly in to the artery

These are given into the heart muscle or ventricle at the time of
emergency only.

These are given into the subachonoid space

the surround the spinal cord. This route is
used for spinal anesthesia.
These are given in b/w first & second cervical nerve.
Used for CSF for diagnostic purpose.

These are given in b/w the dura matter & inner

aspect of vertebra.
Used for giving spinal anesthesia.

These are given into the articulating ends of bones in a joint.

Used for lubricating the joints.
These are given into the cerebrum.
According to volume
1. Small-volume parenterals (SVP)
2. Large-volume parenterals (LVP)

Small-volume parenterals (SVP) are 100ml or less

and can be provided as a single- or multidose
product.

Large-volume parenterals (LVP) are intended to

be used intravenously as a single-dose Injection
and contain more than 100ml of solution.
According to origin
1. Biological
2. Non-biological

1. Biological
e.g. vaccines, toxoids, natural antibiotics

2. Non-biological
e.g. morphine injection, aminophylline
injection
According to USP and NF
Solution
e.g. adrenalin injection, calcium gluconate injection
 Powders for solution (reconstitution by addition of water)
e.g. thiopantane sodium inj, vinblastine sulphate inj
Suspension
e.g. hydrocortisone acetate injection
Powder for suspension (reconstitution by addition of suitable medium)
e.g. procaine penicillin injection
Emulsion
e.g. Vitamin K injection
 According to BP
 Injection (solution, suspension, emulsion)
 Intravenous Infusion (solution, emulsion)
 Concentrated solution for injection and intravenous infusion
 Powders of injection ( to make solution or suspension)