POWER SYSTEM

LOSS
MINIMISATION

GUIDED BY PROF.B.K.RANA
Presented By:-
Arun Kumar Samal
7th Semester
Electrical Engineering
Roll-No:0401101174
 INTRODUCTION
 Importance Of Electricity
 Facts about Electricity
 Electricity Losses
 Problems In Loss Reduction
 Useful Solutions
 Conclusion
 Queries
 SOURCES OF LOSSES
 Ignorance
 Uncertainty
 Upgradation of Human Resources
 Poor Tarrif Structure
 Indiscipline:ABT
 Technical :Joints ,Neutral Conductor Size ,Length Of
the Line
 Energy Audit
 Energy Management
 Energy Forecast
FACTS ABOUT ELECTRICITY
 Electrical Power cannot be stored to a large
extent.
 The demand of power varies throughout the
day and cannot be predicted accurately.
 Electrical Power is the optimal choice of
energy as it can be transmitted efficiently and
can be converted into other forms as required.
 Electricity follows the path of least resistance.
 ELECTRICITY LOSSES
Technical Losses
 Transformer and Transmission line losses due to poor
maintainance.
 Unbalance loading

 Losses due to overloading and low voltage.

 Losses due to poor standard of equipments.

 Low power factor at off-peak hours.

 Harmonic distortion.

 Improper Earthing at consumer end.

 Long transmission lines.

 Major Transmission losses
 Losses due to the phenomena of corona.
 Copper losses in conductors.
 Skin effect.
 Proximity effect.
 CORONA
 The phenomenon of violet glow,hissing noise and production of ozone gas
in an overhead transmission line is known as corona.
 Factors affecting corona
:- atmosphere
:- conductor size
:- spacing between conductors
:- line voltage
 CORONA…

 Methods of reducing corona

:-Increasing size of the conductor i.e by increasing the
size of the conductor the voltage at which corona
occurs is raised and hence corona effects are
considerably reduced.This is one of the reasons why
ACSR conductors are used.
:-By increasing conductor spacing i.e by increasing
the spacing between the conductors the voltage at
which corona occurs is raised and hence corona
effects are eliminated.
 COPPER LOSSES
 What is it..
:-Copper loss is the term reffered to the energy which is dissipated by the
resistance in the wire used to wind a coil in an electrical devices such as
transformer,motors,generators and in transmission lines.copper losses
occur due to the flow of currents in the conductors.Copper loss increases
both due to the increase in current and the resistance of the conductor.
 Reduction of copper loss
:- Copper loss can be minimised by using conductors of large diametres
inorder to reduce the resistance per unit length of the condutors.
:- The conductivity of a transmission line can be enhanced by using multiple
insulated conductors.Hollow conductors can also help reduce he cost of
transmission.
 SKIN EFFECT
 An alternating current flowing through a conductor doesnot distribute
uniformly but tends to concentrate near the surface of the conductor i.e in
ac system no current flows through the core and entire current is
concentrated at the surface region causing an increase in its ac
resistance.This phenomenon is called skin effect.
 It depends upon
:- type of material
:- frequency
:- diameter of the conductor
:- shape of the conductor
 Skin effect increases with cross section,permiability and supply frequency
 In practice stranded conducters are used for T&D lines and hollow
conductors for solid busbars.
 PROXIMITY EFFECT
 The inductance and, therefore, the current distribution in a
conductor is also affected by the presence of other
conductors its vicnity.This effect is known as proximity
effect.
 It affects the current distribution and results in the
resistance of the conductor and decrease of the self
reactance.
 It is more pronounced for large conductors,high proximity
and close proximity.
 Stranded conductors are used for reducing proximityeffect.
 Losses…
Commercial Losses
 Tapping(Hooking) in LT lines.

 Faulty energy metres\ unmetred

supply.
 Errors and delay in meter reading

and billing.
 Uneven revenue collection.
 Problems in Loss Reduction
 No energy audit.
 No segregation of losses into technical and
commercial losses.
 Political issues.
 Lack of regular patrolling for checking the theft
and tempering of metering.
 No transparency in metereading and billing.
 Lack of adequate investment for system
modernisation.
 Useful Solutions
 Renewable energy sources.
 Distributed local generation.
 Availablity Based Tariff.
 Improved Power Quality.
 Demand side management.
 IT applications.
 Benchmarking.
 Employee & Consumer Training.
 Renewable Energy Sources
 The World is blessed with an abundance of
renewable energy sources e.g sunlight,water
and biomass.
 Wind Super power: It can be considered as the
largest renewable energy sources.
 Eco-Friendly power:solar photovoltaic
electricity can contribute significantly to
reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from
the thermal power plants.
 Distributed Generation
 The cost of laying transmission linesin rural areas cannot be
recovered due to less return.
 Low tariff in agriculture and domestic sector leave few
resources to expand or maintain the quality of supply.
 Distributed generation is very useful to supply power in rural
and remote places where the long distribution lines result in
high losses.
 It can help to reduce congestion on the power lines and
strengthen local area transmission and distribution network.
 It reduces the liklihood and impact of large-scale power
outages while smoothing output fluctuations from individual
power systes.
 The benefits of DG over T&D and its customers include risk
management,line loss reduction and voltage stability support.
 Availability Based Tariff(ABT)
 It controls the frequency variations by penalty/reward
mechanism for any deviations from the schedule.
 It helps to reduce gap between supply and demand by
scheduling of every 15 minutes block.
 It takes care of merit order of dispatch
:- Maximisation of generation during peak load hours and
load curtailment equal to the deficit of generation.
:- Backing down of generation to match the
system load reduction during off-peak hours,
keeping the merit order of dispatch in view.
 It improves grid discipline and thereby reduce transmission
losses.
 Power Quality Problems
 The quality of power at distribution level is very
bad in India (voltage deviations are more than
25% and frequency deviations >5%).
 Voltage stabilizers at consumer’s premises result
in incremental losses and require additional
capital cost.
 Harmonics has not been focused though it also
increases the loss and distorts the power factor.
 Harmonics
 In non-linear loads, the current is of complex waveform due to
dynamic characteristics of the load. The component of the complex
waveform can be described as superposition of waveforms, called
harmonics, having frequencies from 0 to infinity.
 For distribution systems which must handle a large percentage of
non-linear loads, the percentage of harmonic currents can be very
high.
 switch-mode power supplies, PWM converters, voltage source
converters, fluorescent lighting with electronic ballasting,
computers are the major sources of harmonics current.
 About 58% of all power used can have harmonic currents
overloading transformers, capacitors and other components on the
distribution system.
 Harmonics…
 The additional current will increase losses in wire, bus bars,
transformers and power factor correction capacitors used in
the distribution system.
 The additional heating caused by each of the harmonic
currents of high frequencies.
 Harmonic current will cause voltage distortion and low power
factor.
 Due to harmonic current the use of line filters before a drive
will add more losses to the electrical system and could create
line ringing and large voltage transients.
 Reduction of Harmonics
 Preventive solutions
:- Phase cancellation or harmonic control in power
converters by line reactors or isolation transformers.
:- Developing procedures and methods to control,
reduce of eliminate harmonics in power system
equipment
 Remedial solutions
:- Use of filters(passive & active filters)
:- Circuit detuning which involves reconfiguration of
feeders or relocation of capacitor banks to overcome
resonance
 Demand Side Management
 Systematic utilization of energy
 Maximizing efficiency
 Balancing supply and demand at consumer level
 Improve economic development
 Involve environment friendly power and reduce
energy bills
 Energy conservation
 Energy audit
 DSM by consumer training
 Consumer can be trained for
:- Shifting of energy use to off-peak hours
:- Energy conservation
:- Efficient choice and utilization of electric
appliances
:- Standards, quality and performance
evaluation of domestic electric equipments
:- Energy audit
 IT Applications
 Integrated inventory and billing system
 Customers profiling
 Data mining
 Load survey data and network analysis of
HT systems
 Geographical Information System (GIS) and
Customer Relationship Management
 Benchmarking
 Benchmarking is a collaborative learning process among a
group of companies to
:- focus on specific operating practices,
:- compare measures and results
:- identify improved processes
within their organizations
 Benefits of Benchmarking
:- Promoting competition
:- Performance evaluation
:- Coordinated tariff
:- Improving power quality and productivity
:- Maximizing efficiency
 Employee Training
 Employees training should be conducted on
a regular basis to upgrade their knowledge
 Survey of UP Discoms shows that there is a
pressing need for training of employees at
all level and in all fields of the electric
distribution company.
 Employees also have much interest in IT
applications in power sector
 Employee training….
 Employees can be taught for
:- Overview of the electric system operations
including engineering criticality and quality.
:- Awareness of Reforms program- APDRP
:- Simulation tools
:- Energy audit
:- Energy management system
:- Management information system
:- Finance and Accounts
 Government Initiatives
 Accelerated Power Development and Reform
Programme (APDRP)
:- Full metering, energy audit and MIS, control
of theft.
:- Increase in transformation capacity.
:- Increase in HT/LT ratio. Systems analysis and
reconfiguration.
:- Reduction of technical losses
Initiatives by Delhi (BSES and NDPL)

 Installation of electronic meters at sub-transmission

and distribution level.
 Replacement of faulty meters
 Computing Aggregated technical and commercial
(ATC) losses
 Consumer indexing
 Improving billing and payment mechanism
 Introducing an LT less distribution system
 Improving quality of power
 Customer care centres
 Training employees
THANK
YOU
*********
ANY QUERIES ???