TYPES OF

PATHOGEN
Many of the most common
diseases are caused by tiny
microorganisms called
PATHOGEN.
 Pathogen infects or
invades the body and
attacks its cells and
tissues.
Diseases caused by the direct
or indirect spread of
pathogens from one person
to another are called
communicable diseases.
BACTERIA
 Bacteria are one-celled
microscopic organisms that
rank among the most
widespread of living things.
 Some are small that a
single grain of soil may
contain over 100 million
of them.
>Most bacteria do not cause
disease.
>In order to live, all bacteria
must have a food supply, as well
as suitable temperature,
moisture, and darkness.
 Some bacteria digest non-living food
materials such as milk and meat. These
organisms are called saprophytes. If
the food supply is a living plant or
animal, the microorganism is called a
parasite. The plant or animal that the
parasite feeds on is called a host.
RESIDENT BACTERIA
 Resident bacteria live in the
human, mouth, intestines, and on
our skin. These help protect us
from harmful bacteria.
 Lactobacili, found in the gastro-
intestinal tract, produce lactic acid
from simple carbohydrates.
Coliform bacilli, found in the
intestines, help break down
carbohydrates and combat disease-
causing bacteria.
 Resident bacteria cause infections
when they move from where residents
are. Example is the bacteria in the
mouth which moves to the ear thus,
causing ear infection
RICKETTSIAS
 Rickettsias are organisms that are
considered intermediate, that is,
somewhere between a virus and a
bacterium. Most of them grow in the
intestinal tracts of insects, which carry
them to their human hosts.
 Rickettsia requires living cells in
order to grow and multiply. Blood
sucking insects, such as lice, mites,
and ticks carry rickettsias to
humans.
VIRUS
Viruses are small, simple life-
like forms from one half to
100 the size of a bacteria.
These organisms are the
human body‟s worst
enemies.
All viruses are parasites
 There are viruses that invade
animals and virus that attack
specific types of cells. Examples
Rabies virus enters the brain
cells and polio virus which
attacks the nervous system.
Cold virus enters the
respiratory system.
Viral hepatitis is caused by
virus that affects the liver.
Mumps and mononucleosis
are caused by viruses that
infect glandular tissues.
FUNGI
Fungi are simple organisms
that cannot make their own
food. Many lives on dead
animals, insect, and leaves.
Fungi are therefore
saprophytes.
 They prefer dark, damp
environments. Two of the most
common fungi are yeast and
mushrooms. Disease-producing
fungi invade mainly deep tissues of
the hair, nails, and skin.
Fungi cause infections of
the scalp, such as ring
worm, and of the feet,
suchas athlete‟s foot.
PROTOZOANS
 Protozoans are single-celled
organisms that are larger than
bacteria and have a more complex
cellular structure. Most of these
are harmless and they are most
common in tropical areas that have
poor sanitation.
PARASITIC
WORM
 A worm is classified as a
parasite. (A parasite is a
disease-causing organism that
lives on humans or another
animals and derives its
nourishment from its host.)
Lice are examples of parasites that
live on humans; bacteria and
viruses are examples of parasites
that live either on humans or in
animals
 parasitic worms (also called
helminths) live in humans.
Helminth eggs contaminate food,
water, air, feces, pets, wild animals,
and objects such as toilet seats and
door handles.
 The eggs enter the body of a
human through the mouth, nose,
and anus. Once inside the body,
helminth eggs usually lodge in the
intestines, hatch, grow, and
multiply.
 They can sometimes infest
other body sites. The word
"helminth" is derived from the
Greek "helmins" (worm).
Helminthology is the study of
parasitic worms.