LIMIT, FIT AND

TOLERANCE

Presented by:-
Yogesh Bendale
Akash Bhalerao
Roshan Bhombe
Abhishek Argade
 Introduction

 In the manufacturing of a machine, quality is a

primary consideration.
 Manufacturing precision taken into the product
determines its quality, its cost and selling price.
 Precision is the degree of accuracy necessary to
ensure the functioning of a part as intended.
 There are two types of parts:

 Non-mating parts
 Mating parts
 System Terminologies

 Shaft: The term ‘shaft’ used in this standard has a wide meaning and serves for
specification of all outer elements of the part, including those elements, which
do not have cylindrical shapes.

 Hole: The term ‘hole’ can be used for specification of all inner elements
regardless of their shape.

 Basic Size: The basic size or normal size is the standard size for the part and is
the same both for the hole and its shaft. This is the size which is obtained by
calculation of strength.
 System Terminologies
 Actual Size: Actual size is the dimension as measured on a manufactured part.
As already mentioned, the actual size will never be equal to the basic size and it is
sufficient if it is within predetermined limits.
 Limits of Size: These are the maximum and minimum permissible sizes of the
part (extreme permissible sizes of the feature of the part).
 Maximum Limit: The maximum limit or high limit is the maximum size
permitted for the part
 Minimum Limit: The minimum limit or low limit is the minimum size
permitted for the part.
 Zero Line: In a graphical representation of limits and fits, a zero line is a
straight line to which the deviations are referred to. It is a line of zero deviation
and represents the basic size. When the zero line is drawn horizontally, positive
deviations are shown above and negative deviations are shown below this line.
 Deviation: It is the algebraic difference between a size (actual, limit of a size,
etc.) and the corresponding basic size.
 System Terminologies
 Upper Deviation: It is designated as ES (for hole) and es (for shaft). It is the
algebraic difference between the maximum limit of the size and the
corresponding basic size. When the maximum limit of size is greater than the
basic size, it is a positive quantity and when the maximum limit of size is less
than the basic size then it is a negative quantity.

 Lower Deviation: It is designated as EI (for hole) and ei (for shaft). It is the

algebraic difference between the minimum limits of size and the corresponding
basic size. When the minimum limit of size is greater than the basic size, it is a
positive quantity and when the minimum limit of size is less than the basic size
then it is a negative quantity.

 Fundamental Deviations (FD): This is the deviation, either upper or the

lower deviation, which is the nearest one to the zero line for either a hole or a
shaft. It fixes the position of the tolerance zone in relation to the zero line.

 Actual Deviation: This is the algebraic difference between an actual size and
the corresponding basic size.

 Mean Deviation: It is the arithmetical mean between the upper limit and the
lower limit.
 System Terminologies
 Tolerance: It is the difference between the upper limit and the lower limit of a
dimension. It is also the maximum permissible variation in a dimension.

 Tolerance Zone: It is a function of basic size. It is defined by its magnitude

and its position in relation to the zero line. It is the zone bounded by the two
limits of size of a part in the graphical presentation of tolerance.

 Allowance: It is an intentional difference between the maximum material

limits of mating parts. For a shaft, the maximum material limit will be its high
limit and for a hole, it will be its low limit.

 Fits: The relationship existing between two parts, shaft and hole, which are to
be assembled, with respect to the difference in their sizes is called fit.
 Tolerances
 Tolerance is the total amount that a specific dimension is
permitted to vary;

 It is the difference between the maximum and the minimum

limits for the dimension.

 For Example a dimension given as 1.625 ± .002 means that the

manufactured part may be 1.627” or 1.623”, or anywhere
between these limit dimensions.

 How to decide tolerance?

 Functional requirements of mating parts
 Cost of production
 Available manufacturing process
 Choose as coarse tolerance as possible without compromising
functional requirements
 Proper balance between cost and quality of parts
 Unilateral System of Tolerance

 In this system dimension of the part is allowed to vary on one side

of the basic size.
example +0.02 -0.01 +0.02 +0.00
25 , 25 , 25 , 25
+0.01 -0.02 -0.01 -0.02
Where 25 is basic size.
 Bilateral System of Tolerance

 In this system, the dimensions of the part is allowed to vary on both

sides of the basic size.
example +0.02 +0.02
25 , 25
-0.02 -0.01
Where 25 is basic size.
 Tolerances

The Tolerance is 0.001” for the Hole as well as for the Shaft
 Allowances and Clearances
It is an intentional difference between the maximum material
limits of mating parts. For a shaft, the maximum material limit will be its
high limit and for a hole, it will be its low limit.

Interchangeable Fit
Specifications of Tolerances
 Fits

 Fit is the general term used to signify the range of tightness or

looseness that may result from the application of a specific
combination of allowances and tolerances in mating parts.
 A fit is the relationship between two meeting parts, viz., shaft and
hole. This relationship is nothing but the algebraic differences
between their sizes
 There are four types of fits between parts:
 Clearance Fit
 Interference Fit
 Transition Fit
 Line Fit
 Clearance Fit
 When an internal member fits in an external member (as a shaft
in a hole) and always leaves a space or clearance between the
parts.

Minimum air space is 0.002”. This is the allowance and is always positive
in a clearance fit
 Interference Fit
 The internal member is larger than the external member such
that there is always an actual interference of material. The
smallest shaft is 1.2513” and the largest hole is 1.2506”, so that
there is an actual interference of metal amounting to at least
0.0007”. Under maximum material conditions the interference
would be 0.0019”. This interference is the allowance, and in an
interference fit it is always negative.
 Transition Fit
 This type of fit may result in either a clearance or interference
condition. In the figure below, the smallest shaft 1.2503” will fit
in the largest hole 1.2506”, with 0.003” to spare. But the largest
shaft, 1.2509” will have to be forced into the smallest hole,
1.2500” with an interference of metal of 0.009”.
 Limits
 The range of permissible difference in dimension
is standardized as limits.
 These permissible sizes may exists on either sides
of the actual size.

UPPER LIMIT
The largest permitted size of component.
LOWER LIMIT
The smallest permitted size of component.
 Hole Basis System
 Hole is keep constant and the shaft diameter
is varied
 The basic size of the hole is taken as the low
limit
 The high limit of the size of the hole and the
two limits of size of the shaft are selected to
give the desired fit
 The actual size of the hole is within the
tolerance limit.
 In this system Hole gets the letter H and the
shaft gets letter o decide the position of
tolerance
Shaft Basis System
 Shaft is kept constant and the hole
diameter is varied.
 The basic size of the shaft is taken as one
of the limits(maximum) of size of shaft
 The other limit of size of the shaft and the
two limits of hole are then selected to give
the desired fit
 The actual size of a hole that is within the
tolerance limits is always less than the
basic size.
 In this system Shaft gets the letter h and
the hole gets different letter o decide the
position of the tolerance zone to obtain
desired fit.
 Indian Standards Specifications
and Application
 In India we have IS: 919 recommendation for limits and fits for
engineering. This standard is mostly based on British Standards
BS: 1916-1953.

 Sizes up to 500 min are covered in IS: 919 and sizes above 500
mm, up to 3150 mm, are covered in IS: 2101

 However, it is yet to adopt several recommendations of ISO: 286.

 Conclusion
 In manufacturing process after manufacturing the product we
need to check the dimensions of the product.

 No manufacturing process is perfect to get perfect dimensions

for a required product.

 After manufacturing process even if you are getting the errors in

the dimensions of the product, those errors can be acceptable up
to certain limit. These limits are decided during the designing
process.