Frederic H.

Martini
Fundamentals of
Anatomy & Physiology
SIXTH EDITION

Chapter 23, part 1

The Respiratory System

PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by

Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland, Biology Instructor, Seabury Hall, Maui, Hawaii
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SECTION 23-1
The Respiratory System: An Introduction

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Learning Objectives

• Describe the primary functions of the respiratory

system
• Identify the organs of the respiratory system and
describe their functions
• Define and compare the processes of external and
internal respiration

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Learning Objectives

• Summarize the physical principles governing the

movement of air into the lungs and the diffusion
of gases into the blood
• Explain the important structural features of the
respiratory membrane
• Describe how oxygen and carbon dioxide are
picked up, transported and released in the blood

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Functions of the respiratory system

• Gas exchange between air and circulating blood

• Moving air from the exchange surface of the
lungs
• Protection of respiratory surfaces
• Production of sound
• Provision for olfactory sensations

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Organization of the respiratory system

• Upper respiratory system

• Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx
• Lower respiratory system
• Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

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Figure 23.1 The Components of the Respiratory
System

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The Respiratory tract

• Conducting passageways carrying air to and from

the alveoli
• Upper respiratory passages filter and humidify
incoming air
• Lower passageways include delicate
conduction passages and alveolar exchange
surfaces

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Respiratory Mucosa

• Respiratory epithelium and underlying

connective tissue
• Respiratory membrane, supported by lamina
propria, changes along tract
• Lines conducting portion of respiratory tract
• Protected from contamination by respiratory
defense system

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Figure 23.2 The Respiratory Epithelium of the
Nasal Cavity and Conducting System

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SECTION 23-2
The Upper Respiratory System

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The nose and nasal cavity consists of:

• External nares
• Nasal cavity
• Vestibule
• Superior, middle and inferior meatuses
• Hard and soft palates
• Internal nares
• Nasal mucosa

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Figure 23.3 The Nose, Nasal Cavity, and
Pharynx

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Figure 23.3 The Nose, Nasal Cavity, and
Pharynx

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The pharynx

• Shared by the digestive and respiratory systems

• Divided into three sections:
• Nasopharynx – superior portion
• Oropharynx – continuous with the oral cavity
• Laryngopharynx – between the hyoid bone and
the esophagus

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SECTION 23-3
The Larynx

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The larynx

• Air passes through the glottis on the way to the

lungs
• Larynx protects the glottis

• Cartilages of the larynx

• Three large cartilages
• Thyroid, cricoid, and epiglottis
• Paired cartilages
• Arytenoids, corniculate, and cuneiform

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Folds of the larynx

• Inelastic vestibular folds

• Delicate vocal folds

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Figure 23.4 The Anatomy of the Larynx

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Sound production

• Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal

folds producing sound waves
• Pitch depends on conditions of vocal folds
• Diameter
• Length
• Tension

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Figure 23.5 The Glottis

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The laryngeal musculature

• Muscles of the neck and pharynx position and

stabilize the larynx
• When swallowing,these muscles
• Elevate the larynx
• Bend the epiglottis over the glottis
• Intrinsic muscles control tension on the vocal
folds and open the glottis

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SECTION 23-4
The Trachea and Primary Bronchi

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The trachea

• Extends from the sixth cervical vertebra to the

fifth thoracic vertebra
• A tough, flexible tube running from the larynx to
the bronchi
• Held open by C-shaped tracheal cartilages in
submucosa
• Mucosa is similar to the nasopharynx

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Figure 23.6 The Anatomy of the Trachea

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Figure 23.6 The Anatomy of the Trachea

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The primary bronchi

• Trachea branches in the mediastinum into right

and left bronchi
• Bronchi enter the lungs at the hilus
• Root = the connective tissue mass including:
• Bronchus
• Pulmonary vessels
• Nerves

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