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The Structure, Properties, Reactions and Mechanisms of Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives
The Structure, Properties, Reactions and Mechanisms of Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives
Unit VIII
The Structure, Properties,
Reactions and Mechanisms of
Carboxylic Acids and Their
Derivatives
CHAPTER TWENTY-FOUR
Terrence P. Sherlock
Burlington County College
2004
Structure of Proteins
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Chapter 24 2
Stereochemistry of
-Amino Acids
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Chapter 24 3
Essential Amino Acids
• Arginine (Arg) • Tryptophan (Trp)
• Threonine (Thr) • Methionine (Met)
• Lysine (Lys) • Histidine (His)
• Valine (Val) • Leucine (Leu)
• Phenylalanine • Isoleucine (Ile)
(Phe)
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Chapter 24 4
Conditionally essential
Essential [3][4] Non-essential
Chapter 24 5
Complete Proteins
• Provide all the essential amino acids.
• Examples: those in meat, fish, milk, eggs.
• Plant proteins are generally incomplete.
• Vegetarians should eat many different
kinds of plants, or supplement diet with
milk or eggs.
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Chapter 24 6
Rare Amino Acids
• 4-Hydroxyproline, 5-hydroxylysine
found in collagen.
• D-Glutamic acid in cell walls of bacteria
• D-Serine in earthworms
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Chapter 24 10
Isoelectric Point
• pH at which amino acids exist as the
zwitterion (neutral).
• Depends on structure of the side chain.
• Acidic amino acids, isoelectric pH ~3.
• Basic amino acids, isoelectric pH ~9.
• Neutral amino acids, isoelectric pH is
slightly acidic, 5-6.
Chapter 24
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11
Electrophoresis
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Chapter 24 12
Reaction with Ninhydrin
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Chapter 24 14
Peptide Bond Formation
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Chapter 24 18
Pleated Sheet
Each carbonyl oxygen hydrogen
bonds with an N-H hydrogen on an
adjacent peptide chain.
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Chapter 24 19
Summary of Structure
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Chapter 24 20
Denaturation
• Disruption of the normal structure of a
protein, such that it loses biological
activity.
• Usually caused by heat or changes in pH.
• Usually irreversible. A cooked egg
cannot be “uncooked.”
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Chapter 24 21
Chapter 24 22
POWER POINT IMAGES FROM
“ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, 5TH EDITION”
L.G. WADE
ALL MATERIALS USED WITH PERMISSION OF AUTHOR
Chapter 24 23