BIOENERGETICS

Chapter 7
Lesson 1
 What is Bioenergetics?
The study of energy in
living systems
(environments) and the
organisms (plants and
animals) that utilize
them

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Definition
 Bioenergetics is the study of energy relationships and energy
transformations in living organisms.

A. Energy transformation:
A process in which living things change
energy from one form to another
1. light energy to chemical energy
2. photosynthesis
3. cellular respiration
 Energy
 Required by all
organisms
 May be Kinetic
or Potential
energy

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 Kinetic Energy
 Energy of
Motion
 Heat and light
energy are
examples

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 Potential Energy
 Energy of
position
 Includes
energy stored
in chemical
bonds

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 Two Types of Energy
Reactions

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 Endergonic Reactions
 Chemical reaction that requires a
net input of energy.
 Photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 SUN

+ 6O2Light
Energy
photons

(glucose)
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 Exergonic Reactions
 Chemical reactions that releases
energy
 Cellular Respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O+ Energy

ATP
(glucose)

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 Metabolic Reactions of
Cells

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 What is Metabolism?
 The sum total of
the chemical
activities of all
cells.

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 Two Types of Metabolism
 Anabolic
Pathways
 Catabolic
Pathways

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 Anabolic Pathway
 Metabolic reactions, which consume
energy (endergonic), to build
complicated molecules from simpler
compounds. light
SUN
 Photosynthesis energy

6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2

(glucose)
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 Catabolic Pathway

 Metabolic reactions which release

energy (exergonic) by breaking down
complex molecules in simpler
compounds
 Cellular Respiration energy

C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O +

ATP
(glucose)

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 Cellular Energy - ATP

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Bioenergetics and the Role of ATP
1. ATP is a compound central to the processing of
energy by the cell
Millions of chemical reactions are carried out continuously in the
body’s cells
a. some consume energy, others release energy
2. A reaction that consumes energy takes
lower-energy reactants and changes them
to higher-energy products.
3. Some reactions do the opposite and form
lower-energy products, releasing some of
the chemical energy stored in the
reactants.
4. These two types of reactions can be
paired to work together and the energy
released by one is used by the other.
 Reduction of CO2

C—H—O
(food stuff)

Oxidation of Food stuff to release energy

Storage of energy in the formation of ATP

ADP + Pi ATP

Transformation of Energy (stored in ATP) to perform work

Active Transport Maintenance Chemical synthesis
Heat Heat
Redox Reactions
Molecular structure of ATP
B. ATP is an energy-releasing reaction

1. ATP = adenosine triphosphate

2. A molecule of ATP includes 3 phosphate groups
3. When a phosphate group is removed, energy is released!
4. The released energy powers reactions essential to life such as:
a. active transport of molecules and ions
b. maintaining cell volume
c. synthesis of RNA and DNA
d. synthesis of polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
e. breaking down complex molecules
 Adenosine Triphosphate
 Three phosphate
groups-(two with high
energy bonds
 Last phosphate group
(PO4) contains the
MOST energy

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 How does ATP work ?
 Organisms use enzymes to break
down energy-rich glucose to
release its potential energy
 This energy is trapped and stored
in the form of adenosine
triphosphate(ATP)

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C. Cellular Energy
1. ATP is composed of adenine (a nitrogenous base), ribose (a
5-carbon sugar), and three phosphates (PO43−)
2. ATP is the compound cells use to store energy
3. When a cell needs to use energy, it breaks the bond between
the 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups to release energy.
4. Breaking off one phosphate  ADP; breaking off two
phosphates  AMP.
 Breaking the Bonds of ATP
 Process is called
phosphorylation
 Occurs continually in cells
 Enzyme ATP-ase can
weaken & break last PO4
bond releasing energy &
free PO4

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How Much ATP Do Cells Use?
 It is estimated that
each cell will
generate and
consume
approximately
10,000,000
molecules of ATP
per second
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D. ATP Formation
1. ADP and phosphate can be combined to form ATP
by dehydration synthesis
 Coupled Reaction - ATP
 The exergonic hydrolysis
of ATP is coupled with the
endergonic dehydration
process by transferring a
phosphate group to
another molecule. H2O

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H2O
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 ATP Animation
E. ATP Hydrolysis
1. ATP is hydrolyzed to form ADP and a phosphate
group, releasing energy

1. ATP is continuously broken down and re-formed in

living cells
 Hydrolysis of ATP
ATP + H2O  ADP + P (exergonic)

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

P P P

Hydrolysis
(add water)

P P + P

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

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 Hyrolysis is Exergonic

Energy
Used by
Cells

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 Dehydration of ATP
ADP + P  ATP + H2O
(endergonic)
Dehydration
(Remove H2O

P P + P

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

P P P
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 Dehydration is Endergonic

Energy is
restored
in
Chemical
Bonds

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 Catabolism and Anabolism

In your own words, explain the picture above showing catabolism and anabolism.
Define catabolism and anabolism in your description. Explain how ATP is
continuously broken down and reformed. This could be an excellent essay
question on a quiz or test!