Conduction Through

Solids in Series
 Plane Walls in Series
• A multilayer wall of more than
one material present
• Temperature profile is shown
• At steady state, 𝑞 must be the same in each layer
• From Fourier’s Law:
𝑘𝐴 𝐴 𝑘𝐵 𝐴 𝑘𝐶 𝐴
𝑞= 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 = 𝑇2 − 𝑇3 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇4
∆𝑥𝐴 ∆𝑥𝐵 ∆𝑥𝐶
• We can show that:
𝑇1 − 𝑇4 𝑇1 − 𝑇4 𝑇1 − 𝑇4
𝑞= = =
∆𝑥𝐴 ∆𝑥𝐵 ∆𝑥𝐶 𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐵 + 𝑅𝐶 σ𝑅
+ +
𝑘𝐴 𝐴 𝑘𝐵 𝐴 𝑘𝐶 𝐴
Example
 Multilayer Cylinders
• In process industries, HT through multilayer
cylinders
• Examples are walls of pipe with several
laggings or insulations
• Temperature drops are shown
• q is still the same for each layer
• From Fourier’s law
𝑇1 − 𝑇2 𝑇2 − 𝑇3
𝑞= =
𝑟2 − 𝑟1 /𝑘𝐴 𝐴𝐴 𝑙𝑚 𝑟2 − 𝑟3 /𝑘𝐵 𝐴𝐵 𝑙𝑚
𝑇3 − 𝑇4
=
𝑟3 − 𝑟4 /𝑘𝑐 𝐴𝑐 𝑙𝑚
• We can show that:
𝑞
𝑇1 − 𝑇4
=
𝑟2 − 𝑟1 /𝑘𝐴 𝐴𝐴 𝑙𝑚 + 𝑟2 − 𝑟3 /𝑘𝐵 𝐴𝐵 𝑙𝑚 + 𝑟3 − 𝑟4 /𝑘𝑐 𝐴𝑐 𝑙𝑚
𝑇1 − 𝑇4 𝑇1 − 𝑇4
= =
𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐵 + 𝑅𝐶 σ𝑅
Example
Combined Convection and Conduction

• Many practical situations the surface temperatures

are not known
• But there is a fluid on both side of the solid surfaces
• The inside and outside convective coefficients are ℎ𝑖
and ℎ𝑜 respectively
• Heart transfer rate:
𝑘𝐴 𝐴
𝑞 = ℎ𝑖 𝐴 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 = 𝑇2 − 𝑇3 = ℎ𝑜 𝐴 𝑇3 − 𝑇4
∆𝑥𝐴
• We can derive the HT rate in terms of resistances
𝑇1 − 𝑇4 𝑇1 − 𝑇4
𝑞= = = 𝑈𝐴∆𝑇overall
1 ∆𝑥𝐴 1 σ𝑅
+ +
ℎ𝑖 𝐴 𝑘𝐴 𝐴 ℎ𝑜 𝐴
with
1 𝑊
𝑈=
1 ∆𝑥𝐴 1 𝑚2 ∙ 𝐾
+ +
ℎ𝑖 𝑘𝐴 ℎ𝑜
• For fluid flowing in cylinders
𝑇1 − 𝑇4 𝑇1 − 𝑇4
𝑞= =
1 𝑟𝑜 − 𝑟𝑖 1 σ𝑅
+ +
ℎ𝑖 𝐴𝑖 𝑘𝐴 𝐴𝐴 𝑙𝑚 ℎ𝑜 𝐴𝑜
𝑞 = 𝑈𝑖 𝐴𝑖 ∆𝑇overall = 𝑈𝑜 𝐴𝑜 ∆𝑇overall
with
𝑇1 − 𝑇4
𝑈𝑖 =
1 𝑟𝑜 − 𝑟𝑖 𝐴𝑖 𝐴𝑖
+ +
ℎ𝑖 𝑘𝐴 𝐴𝐴 𝑙𝑚 ℎ𝑜 𝐴𝑜
𝑇1 − 𝑇4
𝑈𝑜 =
𝐴𝑜 𝑟𝑜 − 𝑟𝑖 𝐴𝑜 1
+ +
ℎ𝑖 𝑘𝐴 𝐴𝐴 𝑙𝑚 ℎ𝑜
Problem
 Conduction with heat generation
• Certain systems generate heat
• A uniformly distributed heat source is present
• Examples are electric resistance heaters and
nuclear fuel rods, electric wires
• Chemical reactions and biological activity also
gives off heat
• Fruits and vegetables also give of heat of
respirations, about 0.6 W/kg
• In a plane wall:
– Heat generation is along x
– Tw if wall temp at x=L,-L
– Volumetric rate of generation is 𝑞ሶ
– Center temperature is To
– Heat balance at steady state:
𝑞𝑥|𝑥 + 𝑞ሶ ∆𝑥 ∙ 𝐴 = 𝑞𝑥|𝑥+∆𝑥 + 0
𝑑𝑞𝑥 𝑑𝑇
− + 𝑞ሶ ∙ 𝐴 = 0, 𝑞 = −𝑘
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑇 𝑞ሶ
2
+ =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑘
𝑞ሶ 2
𝑇 = − 𝑥 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
2𝑘
• Using boundary conditions at x=L, T=Tw, and
at x=0, T=To:
𝑞ሶ 2
𝑇 = − 𝑥 + 𝑇𝑜
2𝑘
ሶ 2
𝑞𝐿
• Center temperature: 𝑇𝑜 = + T𝑤
2𝑘
• For the total heat loss (two faces): 𝑞ሶ 𝑇 =
𝑞ሶ 2𝐿𝐴
𝑞ሶ
• For cylinders: 𝑇 = − 𝑅 2 − 𝑟 2 + 𝑇𝑤 and
4𝑘
ሶ 2
𝑞𝑅
center temperature 𝑇𝑜 = + T𝑤
4𝑘
• Power in electric systems:𝑃 = 𝐼2 𝑅
Problem
 Critical Thickness of Insulation for a cylinder
• Consider a layer of insulation outside a cylinder
with radius r1 and length L
• Cylinder has high k and has surface temp of T1
• Insulation has surface temp of T2
• Outside environment has ho and To
• Convection outside: 𝑞 = ℎ𝑜 𝐴 𝑇2 − 𝑇0
• HTR of combined Cond and Conv:
2𝜋𝐿 𝑇1 − 𝑇0
𝑞=
ln(𝑟2 /𝑟1 ) 1
+
𝑘 𝑟2 ℎ𝑜
 𝑑𝑞
• Setting = 0: (𝑟2 )𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 = 𝑘/ℎ0
𝑑𝑟 2

PROBLEM