GALES, LEOUS

GRACE G.
• Bentham was born in
Houndsdritch, London on the
15th of February 1748.

• He is a son of lawyer and lived

at his life to be trained as a
lawyer but it never happened.

• He was influenced by Adam

Smith, John Locke,
Montesqouie, on the other
hand, he influenced Mill.
• His life was dedicated in critizising the English legal
system as well as the common law.

• Pursues some legal reform of the law but he failed of

doing so.

• He focuses to the moral philosophy which he define in

the Principles of Utility.
• Principle of Utility
- It states that the actions and behavior is just
so right insofar as they promote happiness and
unhappiness.

• Utility produce rightness and only intrinsically good.

“Utility is the principle of human action”

and not the Principle of sympathy and antipathy”
 UTILITARIANISM- Is a version of
consequentialism which states that the consequences of
any action are the only standard of right and wrong.

WHAT IS PAIN AND PLEASURE?

• Pain - Dissapointment and regrets in itself, past
experience
and any related to negative perspective to future's
outcome.
• Pleasure - Happiness to it self, past experience and as
well the
perspective to future's outcomes.
PLEASURES AND PAINS
• Pleasures and Pains may be called by one general word
that is;
“INTERESTING PERCEPTIONS”

- are either simple or complex.

- simple ones are those which cannot any one
of them be solved into more while complex
are those which are resolvable into divers.

1. Pleasures alone 2. Pains alone 3. Pleasures and

Pains' alone
• Bentham promotes the doctrine of phsychological
hedonism, that all human ACTIONS are motivated by
desires to enjoy pleasure and prevent pains.

• In the hedonistic calculus, it may defined the rate of the

pleasure and pain of a person that comes from the
action of its itself or in others or group.
VARIABLES OF PAIN AND PLEASURES

• INTENSITY
• DURATION
• CERTAINTY
• PROPINQUITY
• FECUNDITY
• PURITY
• ExTENT
DIFFERENT KINDS OF PLEASURES
AND PAINS

PLEASURES PAINS
1. Privation
1. Sense 9. malevolence 2. sense
2. wealth 10. memory 3. awkwadness
3. skill 11. imagination 4. enmity
4. amity
12.expectation 5. ill name
5. good name 13. dependent on 6. piety
6. power on 7. benevolence
association
8. malevolence
7. piety 14. relief
8. benevolence 9. memory
10. imagination
SANCTIONS OF PLEASURES AND PAINS

• PHYSICAL SANCTION
It is purely natural because no interference by Being
occurs and it comes from the course of nature.

• POLITICAL SACTION
Sanctions of pleasures/pains in environments
controlled by one person or a group community of
people ruling.
“DOUBLE EFFECT PHENOMENA”
• MORAL/POPULAR SANCTION
Where pain and pleasure if derived if the body is at
at the hands of 'chance people' in the community.

• RELIGIOUS SANCTION
Bringing pain and pleasure when things and
decisions come from the direct hand of the superior being.
MOTIVES
• It is neutral and are not only misdirected but normally
repugnant.

“THE AIM IS THE SAME THOUGH IT HAS DIFFERENT

ACTIONS”

• TWO KINDS OF MOTIVES

Seducing - to commit wrongful acts.
Tutelary - to not to commit wrongful acts.
Standing - acts in the most times.
Occasional - acts in ony most situation.
 FIVE CLASSES OF
ETHICS OFFENSES
• Private offenses against the
• As an art fulfilling individuals.
the greatest • Semi-Public offenses against
group of individuals.
possible amounts
• self-regading offenses
of pleasure and against the right of individual.
pain. • public offenses against com.
• offenses of acts of falsehood.
• WHETHER
PRIVATE OR
PUBLIC.