CHE 135 | PLANT SAFETY AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH

Chapter 2
Toxicology
(Threshold Limit Value )

By: MUHAMMAD IMRAN ISMAIL

PENSYARAH, FAK. KEJ. KIMIA

Lecture 2.4
 WEEK CHAPTER/CONTENT

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1-2 CHAPTER 1 Introduction to hazard and risk

3-4 CHAPTER 2: Toxicology

5 CHAPTER 3: Industrial hygiene

6-7 CHAPTER 4: Safety legislation and regulations

8 -9 CHAPTER 5: Hazard identification

10-11 CHAPTER 6: Hazard and risk assessment

12-13 CHAPTER 7: Emergency planning

14 CHAPTER 8: Process safety management

 Syllabus Content
3 CHAPTER 1: Introduction to hazard and risk (W1-2)
a) Safety versus health
b) Engineers and safety (1.3, pg 5)
c) Inherently safe plant (1.7, pg 20)
d) Examples from past industrial accidents (1.8, pg 23)
e) Causes of accident
f) Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) (3.2, pg 81) Assignment 1
g) Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (3.4, pg 101)

CHAPTER 2: Toxicology (W1-2)

a) Entering and elimination route of toxicants from biological organisms (2.1-2.2, pg 38)
b) Effects of toxic (2.3, pg 42)
c) Dose versus response model (2.5, pg 44)
d) Threshold limit value (2.8, pg 56 & 3.3 page 84)
 Syllabus Content (con’t)
4
Chapter 3: Industrial hygiene (W5)
a) Industrial hygiene: identification (3.2, pg 78)
b) Industrial hygiene: evaluation (3.3, pg 84)
c) Industrial hygiene: control (3.4, pg 99)
Chapter 4: Safety legislation and regulations (W6-7)
a) Regulatory bodies Test 1
b) OSHA 1994
c) FMA 1967
Chapter 5: Hazard identification (W8-9) (11.0, pg 491)
a) Definition Assignment 2
b) Type of hazards
c) Toxic hazard, fire hazard and explosion hazard (2.0, pg 37)
d) Hazard reduction and control
 Syllabus Content (con’t)
5
Chapter 6: Hazard and risk assessment (W10-11)
a) Hazard and operability studies (HAZOP) (11.3, pg 510)
b) Fault tree analysis (FTA) (12.3, pg 553)
c) Event tree analysis (ETA) (12.3, pg 560)
d) Quantitative risk assessment (QRA) (12.4, pg 561)
1.Definition of risk
2.TNO explosion analysis (6.13, pg 287)
3.Probit analysis (2.6, pg 51)
4.Safe distances
5.Risk reduction and management
Chapter 7: Emergency planning (W12-13) (3.1, pg 73)
a) On-site emergency planning Test 2
b) Off-site emergency planning
Chapter 8: Process safety management (W14) (3.1, pg 71)
a) Key elements for effective safety management system Assignment 3
b) Safety management audit, safety audit
Describe one physiological effects on the human body which is caused by the following
classes of toxic substances:
i. Irritant
ii. Carcinogen
iii. Mutagen
[in terms where and when toxic substances effect the body ]
(6 marks)
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 Outlines of Presentation
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 Threshold Limit Values (TLV)

 Time-Weighted Average (TWA)

 TLV - TWA

Suggested reading:
Sub-chapter 2.8 :Page 56
Sub-chapter 3.3 :Page 84 -86
 Learning Outcomes

The student should be able to:

 Explain threshold limit value.
 Calculate threshold limit value.

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Introduction

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Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs).
 Occupational exposure is a measure of the
intensity and/or extent to which the human
body experiences a particular hazard.

 Levels which most of the working population

could be exposed on a regular basis with a
low risk to health.

 The greater the exposure the greater the risk

of an adverse effect on health.

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Occupational Health Standard

Types of Standard

1.Voluntary standard
 American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienist (ACGIH)
 Threshold limit value (TLV)

2.Compulsory standard
 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).
 Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)

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Threshold Limit Value (TLV)

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Exposure Limit Values
Term:

TLVs (Threshold Limit Values) – refer to airborne concentrations of

substances and represent conditions under which it is believed nearly all
workers may repeatedly exposed day after day without adverse effect.

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Why evaluating monitoring system have
drawbacks?
1)The workers move in and out of the
exposed place
2)The concentration of toxicants may vary
different location in the work area

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 Three types of TLVs
1. TLV - Time Weighted Average (TLV - TWA)
The time-weighted average for a conventional eight-hour workday and a 40-hour workweek
for a given substance to which it is believed that nearly all workers may be repeatedly
exposed on a daily basis without suffering ill effects.

2. TLV – Short Term Exposure Limit (TWA - STEL)

Short-term exposure limit. The maximum concentration to which workers can be exposed
for a period of up to 15 minutes continuously without suffering.

3. TLC – Ceiling (TLC - C)

Ceiling limit. The concentration that should not be exceeded, even instantaneously.

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* See page 57 (Table 2-7) for details
Time-Weighted Average

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Time-Weighted Average

Term:

TWA (Time-Weighted Average) – measures the amount that can be

inhaled during a workday.

• For a worker who works at various locations in the plant, his/her

exposure is measured using intermittent samples at fixed points,

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TWA (Time-Weighted Average) Calculation

TWA =

Where;
C1 = concentration of the substance in period 1
T1 = time of the first exposure period during the eight hour shift
C2 = concentration of the substance in period 2
T2 = time of the second exposure period during the eight hour shift
Cn = concentration during period n
Tn = nth or final time period in the eight-hour shift

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 Example 1
PEL for the chemical involved is 12 ppm

Partial period samples:

4 hours @ 11 ppm, 2 hours @ 14 ppm, 2 hours @ 20 ppm

TWA calculation:

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TLV - TWA

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TLV-TWA

Term:

TLV-TWA – The time-weighted average for a conventional

eight-hour workday and a 40-hour workweek for a given
substance to which it is believed that nearly all workers may
be repeatedly exposed on a daily basis without suffering ill
effects.

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TLV-TWA Calculation (For exposure to mixture of toxicants)

𝑛 𝐶𝑖
σ𝑖=1
𝑇𝐿𝑉−𝑇𝑊𝐴 𝑖
Where;
n = the total number of toxicants
Ci = the concentration of chemical i with respect to the other toxicants.
(TLV-TWA)i = the TLV-TWA for chemical species i.

* If the sum exceeds 1 = overexposed

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TLV-TWA Calculation (For exposure to mixture of toxicants)

(TLV-TWA)mix =

Where;
n = the total number of toxicants
Ci = the concentration of chemical i with respect to the other toxicants.
(TLV-TWA)i = the TLV-TWA for chemical species i.

* If the total mixture concentration of chemicals is HIGHER than (TLV-TWA)mix then

the quality of air in the workplace is dangerous to the workers.
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Exercise session:

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 Exercise 1
 Zizan Razak just started to work for a week at a chemical company belongs to Emma
Maembong’s father. He want to quit his job because he believe he is expose to
Toluene and not safe to work there.
 Help Zizan to determine his 8-hr TWA exposure if he exposed to Toleune as follows:

Duration of exposure (hr) Concentration (PPM)

2 10
2 33
4 9

 TLV for Toluene is 20 ppm

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 Exercise 2
The Threshold Limit Value (TLV) for a substance is 150 ppm. A worker begins a
work shift at 8 A.M. and completes the shift at 5 P.M. A one-hour lunch break is
included between 12 noon and 1 P.M, where it can be assumed that no exposure
to the chemical occurs. The data were taken in the work area at the times indicated
below:

Table 1 Data of concentration in the work area at the times

Determine the 8-hr Time Weighted Average (TWA) exposure and has the worker is
over expose?
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Summary

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