PELTON TURBINE

PELTON TURBINE
Named after American engineer Lester Pelton
Pelton turbine is an impulse turbine in which the
available hydraulic energy (potential energy) is first
converted into kinetic energy by means of efficient nozzle.
High velocity jet issuing from the nozzle then strikes a
series of buckets fixed around the rim of wheel(runner).
The buckets change the direction of jet without changing
its pressure.
The resulting change in momentum sets bucket and
wheel into rotary motion and thus mechanical energy is
made available at the turbine shaft.
It is a high head turbine which works.
Components of Pelton Turbine
DESCRIPTION OF Parts of PELTON TURBINE

 PENSTOCK- It is a large size pipe

which conveys water from high level
reservoir to the turbine .
SPEAR AND NOZZLE-
Nozzle is used to
convert hydraulic energy into
Kinetic energy .Spear is so
arranged that it can move
forward or backward there by
decreasing or increasing the annular area of nozzle
passage.
CASING-Casing is provided to prevent splashing of
water ,which scatter in all directions and to guide the
water to the tail race.

RUNNER WITH BUCKET-

The turbine rotor, called the runner ,
is a circular disk carrying a number
of cup shaped buckets which
are arranged equidistantly
around the periphery of the disk .
BREAKING JET
 This is used to stop the runner in a short time.
 This is a small nozzle which directs the jet of water on
the back of the vanes. This jet of water is called
breaking jet.
GOVERNING MECHANISM
 Speed of the turbine runner is required to be
maintained constant so that the electric generator
coupled directly to the turbine shaft runs at constant
speed under varying load conditions.
Design of Pelton turbines
 NUMBER OF JETS
 Generally a pelton wheel has one
nozzle or one jet . However a number
of nozzles may be employed when
more power is to be produced with
the same wheel .The nozzles are
spaced evenly around the same runner.
 Theoretically 6 nozzles can be used
with one pelton wheel.
 Practical considerations ,however ,limit the use of not
more than 2 jets per runner for a vertical runner, and
not more than 4 per runner when it is in horizontal
position.
NUMBER OF BUCKETS
 The number of buckets should be few as possible so that
there is little loss due to friction.
 The jet of water must be fully utilized so that no water from
the jet goes waste i.e no water escapes without striking the
buckets .
 Z=15+D/2d

DEPTH AND WIDTH OF BUCKETS

Width of bucket =5d
Depth of bucket =1.2d
JET RATIO
 m represents the ratio of the pitch circle
diameter to the jet diameter. (m=D/d)
 For maximum hydraulic efficiency ,the jet ratio
lies between 11 and 15 and normally a jet
ratio of 12 is adopted.
 A bulky installation results when a larger value
of jet ratio is adopted.
 Its value is nearly equal to 12.
 VELOCITY TRIANGLES
 The inner velocity triangle is drawn at the
splitter and outlet velocity triangle is drawn at
the outer edge of the bucket
 H=net head acting on the pelton wheel
=Hg -Hf , where Hg=gross head and hf=4fLV2/D*2g
Where D*=dia of penstock, N =speed of the wheel in
rpm
D=dia of wheel, d=dia of the jet
THEN V1=velocity of jet at inlet=sq. root2gH
u=u1=u2=3.14DN/60
the velocity triangle at inlet will be a straight line where
Vr1=V1-U1=V1-u
Vw1=V1
 POWER
 WATER POWER-
The power supplied by the water jet is called as
water power, WP.
Power supplied by jet=wQH=pgQH
where Q is the discharge supplied by water jet in
cubic meter per sec,and H is the net or effective
head in .
 BUCKET POWER-
The power developed at the turbine buckets is
called as bucket power,BP.
The power delivered by the bucket wheel is
=m(Vu1+Vu2)u
 EFFICIENCY
 OVERALL EFFICIENCY
=power available at the turbine shaft/power
available from the water jet
n0= shaft power/water power=P/wQH
 HYDRAULIC EFFICIENCY
=work done per sec/k.e per second
nh=((Vu1+Vu2)u)/gH
 VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY
=Volume of water actually striking the buckets/total
water supplied by the jet
=nv =Qa/Q=Q-q/Q
 MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY
=shaft power/water power=P/wQaH