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Immunity
Immunity
Immunity
Ability to resist
almost all types of
organisms or toxins
that tend to damage
the tissues and
organs.
Two types - innate immunity
- acquired immunity
It is present at birth – inborn immunity
No specificity, no
memory
by activated T lymphocytes.
natural
passive
artificial
Resistance developed as a result of an
antigenic stimulus.
More effective.
Better protection.
Due to clinical or subclinical infection by a
microbe.
1. Helper T cells
2. Suppressor T cells Regulatory T cells
3. Cytotoxic T cells
4. Memory T cells
They form 3/4 th
of T lymphocytes.
Macrophages.
B cells.
DENDRITIC
CELLS
Antigen entering the host is phagocytosed
and degraded
Collectively constitute
major histocompatibility complex
These genes are located on the short arm of
of chromosome 6.
Activate T8 cells
An "immunologic synapse"
forms with a CD4 T cell, which is
activated to produce IL-2
T CELL
APC
III. IL-2 acts in an autocrine fashion
to cause the helper T cell to
multiply, forming a clone
Meanwhile, the virus may infect epithelial
cells
2. Graft rejection
ACTIVATED ‘ B’ CELLS
IMMUNOGLOBULINS
Mechanism
When the antigen first enters the body,
it binds directly to the receptors on B
cells.
1. IgG
2. IgM
3. IgA
4. IgE
5. IgD
Major serum Ig - 80% of the total
1. By direct action
Agglutination
Precipitation
Neutralisation
Lysis
Direct action of antibodies are not
strong enough to play a major role in
immunity.
3. Agglutination
7. Inflammatory effects
Directly C3 is activated.
Immunological effects
Endogenous pyrogen
5. Interleukin - 5
1. systemic or
2. localized to particular organs, such as the
kidney, joints
initiated by sensitized CD4+ and CD8+ T cells
Polyarteritis nodosa
Rheumatoid arthritis
Systemic sclerosis
CENTRAL PERIPHERAL
1. Forbidden clones:
4. Mutations
Overactivity of
helper T cells AUTOIMMUNITY
Underactivity of
suppressor T cells
Examples
1. Type 1 diabetes mellitus – against pancreatic
islet B cells.
2. Myasthenia gravis – against nicotinic
cholinergic receptors.
Primary or secondary.
PRIMARY IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISEASES
Abnormalities in the development of the
immune mechanisms.
E. Disorders of phagocytosis
Myeloperoxidase deficiency
SECONDARY IMMUNE DEFICIENCY
Eg: AIDS
AIDS ( Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)