CE 444

PROPERTIES OF FRESH AND HARDENED

CONCRETE

Gürkan YILDIRIM
Serhat Çelikten
 ELASTIC
BEHAVIOUR
 All objects are deformable. It is possible
to change the shape or the size of an
object by applying external forces.
However, the internal forces in the object
resist to deformation.
 Stress and Strain
Stress: is a quantity that is proportional to
the force causing a deformation. Stress is
the external force acting on an object per
unit cross sectional area.
Strain: is a measure of the degree of
deformation. It is found that for sufficiently
small stresses strain is proportional to
stress.
 The constant of proportionality depends on
the material being deformed and on the
nature of deformation.

 We call this proportionality constant as

modulus of elasticity or Young’s modulus.
The elastic modulus is therefore the ratio of
stress to the resulting strain
Elastic Modulus = Stress / Strain

In a very real sense it is a comparison of

what is done to a solid object (a force is
applied) and how that object responds (it
deforms to some extent)
 The response of a material to applied forces
depends on the type and nature of the bond
and the structural arrangement of atoms,
molecules or ions.

 Basic deformation types for load carrying

materials are:
1. Elastic deformation (deformations are
instantaneously recoverable)
2. Plastic deformation (non-recoverable)
3. Viscous deformation (time dependent
deformation)
 Elastic Deformation
1. Initial 2. Load 3. Unload

bonds
stretch

return to
initial shape
d
F
F Linear-
Return to the original shape elastic
when the applied load is Non-Linear-
removed. elastic
Elastic means reversible!
d
 Plastic Deformation
1. Initial 2. Load 3. Unload
bonds
stretch p lanes
& planes still
shear sheared

delastic + plastic dplastic

F
F
Could not return to the linear linear
original shape when the elastic
applied load is removed.
elastic
d
dplastic delastic
Plastic means permanent!
 Viscous Deformation
Plastic deformations in noncrystalline solids (as
well as liquids) occurs by a viscous flow
mechanism. Usually attributed to fluids. But
solids may also behave like viscous materials
under high temperature and pressure.
Viscous materials deform steadily under stress.
Deformations are time dependent.
1. Elastic Materials
Return to the their original shape when the
applied load is removed.

Unloading
Loading

d
2. Plastic Materials
No deformation is observed up to a certain limit.
Once the load passes this limit, permanent
deformartions are observed.

Limit

Unloading
Loading

Plastic deformation δ
 Hooke's Law
• Hooke's Law: For elastic materials, stress is linearly
proportional to strain and is independent of time.
• Modulus of Elasticity, E:
F
s
s=Ee
E

e F
Linear- simple
elastic tension
test
Example:
Uniaxial Loading of a Prismatic Specimen
P=1000 kgf

9.9 cm
10 cm
Determine E
10 cm 10.4 cm

10 cm 9.9 cm

Before After
 P=1000 kgf 1000
P=1000kgf → σ= = 10kgf/cm2
10*10

σ 10
E= = = 250 kgf/cm2
ε 0.04
10cm

10cm

1000 kgf
 Modulus of Elasticity :

• High in covalent compounds such as

diamond
• Lower in metallic and ionic crystals
• Lowest in molecular amorphous solids
such as plastics and rubber.
 Elastic Constants of Some Materials

E(psi)x106 (GPa) G(psi)x106 (GPa) ν (-)

Cast Iron 16 110 7.4 50 0.17
Steel 30 205 11.8 80 0.26
Aluminum 10 70 3.6 25 0.33
Concrete 1.5-5.5 10-40 0.62-2.30 4-15 0.2
Wood Long 1.81 12 0.11 0.7
?
Tang 0.10 0.7 0.03 0.2
PROPERTIES RELATED TO
STRENGTH
 Strength is the ability of a material to resist
applied forces without yielding or fracturing.
 Strength of a material may change considerably
with respect to the way it is deformed.
 Mode of stress, type of stress & rate of stress
application may affect the strength of a material.
 Strength data are usually obtained from lab.
Tests which are performed under strictly
standardized specimens under controlled
conditions. These tests also serve for obtaining
σ-ε relationships.
 σ-ε curves can be grouped into three as:

• Ductile Materials → exhibit both elastic -

plastic behavior
• Brittle Materials → exhibit essentially
elastic behavior
• Viscoelastic Materials → exhibit large
elastic deformation
 SPECIAL FEATURES OF STRESS-STRAIN
DIAGRAMS

D
σU

σF E
σY C
σE
σPL A B
Point A (Proportional Limit): The greatest stress
(σPL) that can be developed in the material
without causing a deviation from the law of
proportionality of stress to strain. In other words
it is the stress upto which the material responds
following Hooke’s Law.

Point B (Elastic Limit): Maximum stress (σE) that

can be developed in a material without causing
permanent deformation. In other words it is the
stress upto which the deformations are
recoverable upon unloading.
Point C (Yield Point): The stress at which the
material deforms appreciably without an
increase in stress. Sometimes it can be
represented by an upper and lower yield
points. σY,U represents the elastic strength of
the material and σY,L is the stress beyond
which the material behaves plastically.

Point D (Ultimate Strength): It is the maximum

stress that can be developed in a material as
determined from the original X-section of the
specimen.
Point E (Fracture Strength): The stress at which the
material breaks, fails.
A ductile material is the one which deforms
appreciably before it breaks, whereas a brittle
material is the one which does not.

Brittle materials such as concrete do not have

a yield point and do not strain-harden.
Therefore, the ultimate strength and breaking
strength are the same. They do not show any
plastic deformation but fail while the
deformation is elastic.
 DETERMINATION OF E FROM σ-ε
DIAGRAMS
 For materials like concrete, cast iron & most non-
ferrous metals, which do not have a linear
portion in their σ-ε diagrams, E is determined by
approximate methods.
1. Initial Tangent Method: Tangent is drawn to the
curve at the origin
2. Tangent Method: Tangent is drawn to the curve
at a point corresponding to a given stress
3. Secant Method: A line is drawn between the
origin & a point corresponding to a given stress
σ 1 3
2

ε
CREEP
 It can be defined as the slow & progressive
(increasingly continuing) deformation of a
material with time under a constant stress.
 It is both a time & temperature dependent
phenemenon.
 The method of carrying out creep tests is to
subject the specimen to a constant stress
while maintaining the temperature constant
and measuring the extent of deformation.
 The resulting data are presented as
deformation (strain)-time curve.
 Deformation
(strain) E

V0
C

B
Instantaneous
elastic strain A
Time
Primary Secondary Steady- Tertiary
Creep State Creep Creep
 When a load is applied at the beginning of a
creep test, the instantaneous elastic
deformation (AB) is followed by transient or
primary creep (BC) then the secondary or
steady-state creep (CD) and finally by tertiary
or accelerated creep (DE).

 Instantaneous deformations  Elastic

 The primary creep rate has a decreasing rate

because of work hardening. It is similar to
delayed elasticity (retarded elasticity) and the
deformations are recoverable.
 Secondary creep is essentially viscous in
character. The minimum creep rate (V0) is
determined by the slope Δε/Δt.
The secondary creep stage is highly
temperature-sensitive. It can be related to
temperature with an equation similar to that in
viscosity.
 E
 A    e RT
n

t
 Tertiary creep occurs at an accelerated rate.
Time to rupture & stress relationship can be
given as:
tr: time to failure
tr  a  n
a, n: material constants

 The two parameters determined from creep

tests are:
1. Δε/Δt (Steady state creep rate): engineering
design parameter for long-life applications.
2. Rupture lifetime (tr): relatively short-life
applications
 Creep
Strain T4 or σ4
T3 or σ3
T1<T2<T3<T4

T2 or σ2
σ1<σ2<σ3<σ4
T1 or σ1

Time

 Both temperature & applied stress adversely

affect the creep strains. Usually under the
same temperature different stress levels are
applied & the creep strains are determined.
 Creep σ3=69MPa
Strain
dε/dt σ2=62MPa

dε/dt σ1=55MPa

dε/dt

Time

 When the slope of two curves (dε/dt) are

determined the material constants can then be
determined. In practice, however, three or
more stress levels are usually used for
discrepancies in lab data.